Display device with uniform off-axis luminance reduction

ABSTRACT

A display device comprising a spatial light modulator having a display polariser arranged on one side of the spatial light modulator is provided with an additional polariser arranged on the same side as the display polariser and polar control retarders between the additional polariser and the display polariser. The polar control retarders include a liquid crystal retarder having two surface alignment layers disposed adjacent to a layer of liquid crystal material on opposite sides. The surface alignment layers provide alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material with an in-plane component, wherein the angle of said in-plane component changes monotonically along a predetermined axis across the display device, providing reduction of luminance in directions that are offset from a viewing axis, increasing uniformity in the reduction of luminance in directions that are offset from a viewing axis.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure generally relates to luminance uniformity in displaydevices.

BACKGROUND

Display devices may be configured to reduce luminance in directionsoffset from a viewing axis, typically normal to the display device. Suchoff-axis luminance reduction may have various purposes. In one example,off-axis luminance reduction may be applied in a privacy display toprovide visibility of a displayed image to a primary user in an on-axisposition and reduce visibility of the displayed image to a snooper in anoff-axis position. In another example off-axis luminance reduction maybe applied to reduce stray light that may otherwise cause unwantedreflections in an environment around the display device, for examplewithin an automobile.

A privacy function may be provided by micro-louvre optical films thattransmit a high luminance from a display device in an on-axis directionwith low luminance in off-axis positions. However such films are notswitchable, and thus the display is limited to privacy only function.

Switchable privacy displays may be provided by implementing control ofthe off-axis optical output. Control of off-axis privacy may be providedby means of contrast reduction, for example by adjusting the liquidcrystal bias tilt in an In-Plane-Switching LCD.

Control may be further provided by means of off-axis luminancereduction. Luminance reduction may be achieved by means of switchablebacklights for a liquid crystal display (LCD) spatial light modulator.Off-axis luminance reduction may also be provided by switchable liquidcrystal retarders and compensation retarders arranged to modulate theinput and/or output directional luminance profile of a spatial lightmodulator.

Control may be further provided by means of off-axis reflectivityincrease. Reflectivity increase may be achieved by means of switchableliquid crystal retarders, compensation retarders that are arranged tocontrol the polarisation of ambient light that falls onto a reflectivepolariser.

However, in operation such off-axis luminance reduction may providenon-uniformity of luminance across the area of live display device fordisplay viewers. For many applications, it would be desirable toincrease the perceived uniformity.

BRIEF SUMMARY

According to the present disclosure, there is provided a display devicecomprising: a spatial light modulator, a display polariser arranged on aside of the spatial light modulator, the display polariser being alinear polariser; an additional polariser arranged on the same side ofthe spatial light modulator as the display polariser, the additionalpolariser being a linear polariser; and at least one polar controlretarder arranged between the additional polariser and the displaypolariser, the at least one polar control retarder includes a liquidcrystal retarder comprising: a layer of liquid crystal material; and twosurface alignment layers disposed adjacent to the layer of liquidcrystal material and on opposite sides thereof, at least one of thesurface alignment layers being arranged to provide alignment in theadjacent liquid crystal material with an in-plane component that is inthe plane of the layer of liquid crystal material, wherein the angle ofsaid in-plane component of the alignment in the adjacent liquid crystalmaterial changes monotonically along a predetermined axis across atleast part of the display device. Advantageously, a display device maybe provided which reduces changes in luminance across at least part ofthe display device as perceived by a viewer in a predetermined position,in at least one state of the liquid crystal material. For example, foran off-axis viewer, e.g. a snooper, the display device may provide amore uniform luminance across at least part of the display, e.g. acrossthe width of the display. In such cases, the luminance may be a uniformreduced luminance such that the off-axis viewer cannot observe any imageoutput by the display device at any point along the display device. In asimilar manner, for an on-axis viewer, e.g. the primary user of thedisplay device, the display device may also provide a more uniformluminance across at least part of the display for the on-axis viewer.Such uniform luminance across at least part of the display device may bea non-reduced, or observable, luminance such that the on-axis viewer canobserve the image output by the display. This may therefore reduce the“roll-off” which occurs on prior art displays whereby the luminancereduces towards the edges of the display for an on-axis viewer.

The angle of said in-plane component of the alignment in the adjacentliquid crystal material may change monotonically along the predeterminedaxis across at least part of the display device and not change alongfurther axes perpendicular to the predetermined axis.

Said in-plane component of the alignment in the adjacent liquid crystalmaterial may have a mean direction that is parallel or orthogonal to theelectric vector transmission directions of at least one of the displaypolariser and the additional polariser. Advantageously head-on users mayhave increased luminance and image uniformity.

The display polariser and the additional polariser have electric vectortransmission directions that are parallel. Advantageously transmissionat desirable viewing angles from the display is increased.

Alternatively, the angle of said in-plane component of the alignment inthe adjacent liquid crystal material may change monotonically along thepredetermined axis across at least part of the display device and alsochange along a further axis perpendicular to the predetermined axis.Advantageously, it may be possible to reduce changes in luminance acrossat least part of the display device in two directions perpendicular toone another. This may, for example, make it possible to create uniformluminance for an off-axis viewer in two different directions relative tothe display device, e.g. for an off-axis viewer to the side of thedisplay device and for an off-axis viewer at an angle above or below thedisplay device. When used to provide uniform reduced luminance, this maytherefore improve the privacy achieved by the display device.

At least one of the surface alignment layers may be arranged to providehomogenous alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material. Further,each of the surface alignment layers may be arranged to providehomogenous alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material.

At least one of the surface alignment layers may be arranged to providehomeotropic alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material with apretilt providing said in-plane component.

One of the surface alignment layers may be arranged to providehomogeneous alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material, whereinthe angle of said in-plane component of the alignment in the liquidcrystal material adjacent to said one of the surface alignment layersmay change monotonically along the predetermined axis across at leastpart of the display device, and the other of the surface alignmentlayers may be arranged to provide homeotropic alignment in the adjacentliquid crystal material, wherein the angle of said in-plane component ofthe alignment in the liquid crystal material adjacent to said other ofthe surface alignment layers may not change along the predetermined axisacross at least part of the display device. Advantageously complexity ofconstruction may be reduced. Homogeneous alignment layers may be moreconveniently provided with controlled alignment directions. Increasedsize of polar region with reduction of luminance and increase ofreflectance may be achieved.

Each of the surface alignment layers may be arranged to providealignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material with respectivein-plane components that are in the plane of the layer of liquid crystalmaterial, wherein the angles of said in-plane components of thealignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material changes monotonicallyalong the predetermined axis across at least part of the display device.

The angle of said in-plane component of the alignment in the adjacentliquid crystal material may change monotonically along the predeterminedaxis across at least part of the display device so that directions ofmaximum light transmission of the display polariser, the additionalpolariser and said at least one polar control retarder from points ofsaid at least part of the display device may be directed towards acommon optical window in front of the display device. Advantageouslyuniformity of an image may be increased for a display user anduniformity of security level may be increased for a snooper.

The angle of said in-plane component of the alignment in the adjacentliquid crystal material may change monotonically along a predeterminedaxis across the entire display device. Advantageously complexity andcost may be reduced. Uniformity may be increased across the entiredisplay device.

The angle of said in-plane component of the alignment in the adjacentliquid crystal material may change monotonically along a predeterminedaxis across a first part of the display device. Advantageously theuniformity across the first part of the display device for a user ofthat part of the display device may be increased. Further the uniformityof the security level may be increased for a snooper of the first partof the display device.

The angle of said in-plane component of the alignment in the adjacentliquid crystal material may also change monotonically along apredetermined axis across a second part of the display device. The angleof said in-plane component of the alignment in the adjacent liquidcrystal material may change monotonically along the predetermined axisacross the first part of the display device so that directions ofmaximum light emission from points of the first part of the displaydevice may be directed towards a first common optical window in front ofthe display device, and the angle of said in-plane component of thealignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material may changemonotonically along the predetermined axis across the second part of thedisplay device so that directions of maximum light emission from pointsof the second part of the display device may be directed towards asecond common optical window in front of the display device differentfrom the first common optical window. Advantageously the uniformityacross the second part of the display device for a user of that part ofthe display device may be increased. Further the uniformity of thesecurity level may be increased for a snooper of the second part of thedisplay device. A central display for an automotive vehicle may bearranged with first and second privacy regions for passengers anddrivers.

The additional polariser and the at least one polar control retarder maybe curved with a concave curvature. The spatial light modulator may becurved with a concave curvature. The additional polariser, the at leastone polar control retarder and optionally the spatial light modulatormay be curved with a concave curvature. Advantageously, the changes inluminance across the display device, both for an off-axis and on-axisviewer, may further be reduced.

The liquid crystal retarder may be a switchable liquid crystal retarderfurther comprising electrodes arranged to apply a voltage forcontrolling the liquid crystal layer.

The display device may further comprise a control system arranged tocontrol the voltage applied to the electrodes of the switchable liquidcrystal retarder.

The at least one polar control retarder may further comprise at leastone passive compensation retarder.

The spatial light modulator may be an emissive spatial light modulatorand the display polariser may be an output polariser arranged on anoutput side of the emissive spatial light modulator.

The spatial light modulator may be a transmissive spatial lightmodulator. Further, the display polariser may be an output polariserarranged on an output side of the transmissive spatial light modulator.

The display device may further comprise a reflective polariser arrangedbetween the output polariser and the at least one polar controlretarder, the reflective polariser being a linear polariser arranged topass the same linearly polarised polarisation component as the outputpolariser.

The display device may further comprise: an input polariser arranged onthe input side of the spatial light modulator, the input polariser beinga linear polariser; a further additional polariser arranged on the inputside of the input polariser; and at least one further polar controlretarder arranged between the output polariser and the additionalpolariser, the at least one polar control retarder includes a liquidcrystal retarder comprising: a layer of liquid crystal material; and twosurface alignment layers disposed adjacent to the layer of liquidcrystal material and on opposite sides thereof, at least one of thesurface alignment layers being arranged to provide alignment in theadjacent liquid crystal material with an in-plane component that is inthe plane of the layer of liquid crystal material, wherein the angle ofsaid in-plane component of the alignment in the adjacent liquid crystalmaterial changes monotonically along the predetermined axis across atleast part of the display device.

Advantageously through the user of a further polar control retarder andassociated polarisers, it may be possible to further reduce theluminance of light for an off-axis viewer thereby further improving theprivacy function of the display device. Each of the polar controlretarders, together with their associated polarisers, may independentlyreduce the luminance in an off-axis direction. Together the two polarcontrol retarders and their associated polarisers may have amultiplicative effect in reducing the off-axis luminance. This maytherefore significantly reduce the luminance for an off-axis viewer.

Embodiments of the present disclosure may be used in a variety ofoptical systems. The embodiments may include or work with a variety ofprojectors, projection systems, optical components, displays,microdisplays, computer systems, processors, self-contained projectorsystems, visual and/or audio-visual systems and electrical and/oroptical devices. Aspects of the present disclosure may be used withpractically any apparatus related to optical and electrical devices,optical systems, presentation systems or any apparatus that may containany type of optical system. Accordingly, embodiments of the presentdisclosure may be employed in optical systems, devices used in visualand/or optical presentations, visual peripherals and so on and in anumber of computing environments.

Before proceeding to the disclosed embodiments in detail, it should beunderstood that the disclosure is not limited in its application orcreation to the details of the particular arrangements shown, becausethe disclosure is capable of other embodiments. Moreover, aspects of thedisclosure may be set forth in different combinations and arrangementsto define embodiments unique in their own right. Also, the terminologyused herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation.

These and other advantages and features of the present disclosure willbecome apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading thisdisclosure in its entirety.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments are illustrated by way of example in the accompanyingFIGURES, in which like reference numbers indicate similar parts, and inwhich:

FIG. 1A is a side perspective view of a transmissive display deviceproviding uniformity in reduction of luminance in directions;

FIG. 1B is a front view of the stack of layers of the display device ofFIG. 1A;

FIG. 2 is a side perspective view of an emissive display deviceproviding uniformity in reduction of luminance in directions;

FIG. 3A is a front view of a surface alignment layer of the displaydevice of FIG. 1A wherein the angle of in-plane component of thealignment varies along first and second axes;

FIG. 3B is a front view of a surface alignment layer of the displaydevice of FIG. 1A wherein the angle of in-plane component of thealignment varies along a first axis;

FIG. 4 is a graph of the in-plane component of angle of the alignmentprovided by the surface alignment layer of FIG. 3A;

FIG. 5A is a perspective view of polar control retarders that may beapplied in FIG. 1, comprising a homogeneously aligned switchable LCretarder and passive crossed A-plate retarders;

FIG. 5B is a perspective view of liquid crystal alignment in the liquidcrystal retarder of FIG. 5A;

FIG. 6 is a graph of the LC director angle of the homogeneously alignedswitchable LC in FIG. 5A through its thickness;

FIG. 7 is a side view of propagation of output light from a SLM throughthe optical stack of FIG. 1A in a privacy mode;

FIG. 8 is a side view of propagation of ambient illumination lightthrough the optical stack of FIG. 1A in a privacy mode;

FIG. 9A is a schematic top view of the display device illustratingobservation viewing angles of a privacy display;

FIG. 9B is a graph of output luminance of the display device of FIG. 1Aat different viewing angles;

FIG. 9C is a perspective view of a viewer and the surface alignmentlayer of the display device of a prior art device;

FIGS. 10A-D are graphs illustrating the variation of luminance withpolar direction for the light output from a display device of FIG. 1Ausing the plural retarders of FIG. 5A for different points on thedisplay device for the left-side of the centre of the display with theangle of in-plane component of the alignment of 90°, 85°, 80°, 70°respectively;

FIGS. 10E-11 are graphs illustrating the variation of luminance withpolar direction for the light output from a display device of FIG. 1Ausing the plural retarders of FIG. 5A for different points on thedisplay device for the right-side of the display with the angle ofin-plane component of the alignment of 90°, 85°, 80°, 70° respectively;

FIGS. 11A-D are graphs illustrating the variation of reflectivity withpolar direction for the light output from a display device of FIG. 1Ausing the plural retarders of FIG. 5A for different points on thedisplay device for the left-side of the centre of the display with theangle of in-plane component of the alignment of 90°, 85°, 80°, 70°respectively;

FIGS. 11E-H are graphs illustrating the variation of reflectivity withpolar direction for the light output from a display device of FIG. 1Ausing the plural retarders of FIG. 5A for different points on thedisplay device for the right-side of the display with the angle ofin-plane component of the alignment of 90°, 85°, 80°, 70° respectively;

FIG. 12A is a perspective view of a viewer in front of a planar displaydevice;

FIG. 12B is a perspective view of a viewer in front of a curved displaydevice;

FIG. 13A is a top view of a centre stack display for an automotivevehicle;

FIG. 13B is a top view of an alignment layer for the display of FIG.13A;

FIG. 13C is a top view of an alternative centre stack display for anautomotive vehicle;

FIG. 13D is a top view of an alignment layer for the display of FIG.13C;

FIG. 13E is a schematic top view of the display device illustratingobservation viewing angles of the display of FIG. 13C;

FIGS. 13F-H are graphs illustrating live variation of luminance withpolar direction for the light output from a display device of FIG. 13Cfrom different positions across the display;

FIG. 14A and FIG. 14B are top and perspective views, respectively, of apair of tiled display devices that are angled with respect to eachother;

FIG. 15A and FIG. 15B are top and perspective views, respectively, of apair of tiled display devices that are in-plane with respect to eachother;

FIG. 16 is a perspective view of polar control retarders that may beapplied in FIG. 1, comprising a homogeneously aligned switchable LCretarder and negative C-plate retarder;

FIGS. 17A-C are graphs illustrating the variation of luminance withpolar direction for the light output from a display device of FIG. 1Ausing the plural retarders of FIG. 16 for different points on thedisplay device with the angle of in-plane component of the alignment of80°, 90°, 100° respectively;

FIGS. 17D-F are graphs illustrating the variation of reflectivity withpolar direction for the light output from a display device of FIG. 1Ausing the plural retarders of FIG. 16 for different points on thedisplay device with the angle of in-plane component of the alignment of80°, 90°, 100° respectively;

FIG. 18A is perspective views of polar control retarders that may beapplied in FIG. 1, comprising a homeotropically aligned switchable LCretarder and negative C-plate retarder in privacy mode of operation;

FIG. 18B is a graph of the LC director angle of the homeotropicallyaligned switchable LC in FIG. 18A through its thickness;

FIG. 19A is perspective views of polar control retarders that may beapplied in FIG. 1, comprising a homeotropically and homogeneouslyaligned switchable LC retarder and a negative C-plate retarder whereinthe alignment direction of the homeotropic alignment layer is commonacross the lateral direction and wherein the alignment direction of thehomogeneous alignment layer varies across the lateral direction;

FIG. 19B is a graph of the LC director angle of the homeotropically andhomogeneously aligned switchable LC in FIG. 19A through its thickness;

FIG. 19C is perspective views of polar control retarders that may beapplied in FIG. 1, comprising a homeotropically and homogeneouslyaligned switchable LC retarder between negative C-plate retarders andwherein the alignment directions of the homogeneous alignment layer andhomeotropic alignment layer each varies across the lateral direction;

FIG. 20A is a side perspective view of a display device that is modifiedcompared to the display device of FIG. 1A;

FIG. 20B is a perspective view of two sets of polar control retardersthat may be applied in FIG. 1, each comprising a homogeneously alignedswitchable LC retarder and negative C-plate retarder;

FIG. 21 is a side view of an apparatus for manufacturing a surfacealignment layer having a varying angle of alignment across its area;

FIG. 22 is front view illustrating the mask of the apparatus seen inFIG. 21 at different positions and the polarisation of the beam of lightat those corresponding positions;

FIG. 23A is a diagram illustrating in perspective view illumination of aretarder layer by off-axis light;

FIG. 23B is a diagram illustrating in perspective view illumination of aretarder layer by off-axis light of a first linear polarization state at0 degrees;

FIG. 23C is a diagram illustrating in perspective view illumination of aretarder layer by off-axis light of a first linear polarization state at90 degrees;

FIG. 23D is a diagram illustrating in perspective view illumination of aretarder layer by off-axis light of a first linear polarization state at45 degrees;

FIG. 24A is a diagram illustrating in perspective view illumination of aC-plate retarder by off-axis polarised light with a positive elevation;

FIG. 24B is a diagram illustrating in perspective view illumination of aC-plate retarder by off-axis polarised light with a negative lateralangle;

FIG. 24C is a diagram illustrating in perspective view illumination of aC-plate retarder by off-axis polarised light with a positive elevationand negative lateral angle;

FIG. 24D is a diagram illustrating in perspective view illumination of aC-plate retarder by off-axis polarised light with a positive elevationand positive lateral angle;

FIG. 24E is a graph illustrating the variation of output transmissionwith polar direction for transmitted light rays in FIGS. 24A-D;

FIG. 25A is a diagram illustrating in perspective view illumination ofcrossed A-plate retarder layers by off-axis polarised light with apositive elevation;

FIG. 25B is a diagram illustrating in perspective view illumination ofcrossed A-plate retarder layers by off-axis polarised light with anegative lateral angle;

FIG. 25C is a diagram illustrating in perspective view illumination ofcrossed A-plate retarder layers by off-axis polarised light with apositive elevation and negative lateral angle;

FIG. 25D is a diagram illustrating in perspective view illumination ofcrossed A-plate retarder layers by off-axis polarised light with apositive elevation and positive lateral angle; and

FIG. 25E is a graph illustrating the variation of output transmissionwith polar direction for transmitted light rays in FIGS. 25A-D.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Terms related to optical retarders for the purposes of the presentdisclosure will now be described.

In a layer comprising a uniaxial birefringent material there is adirection governing the optical anisotropy whereas all directionsperpendicular to it (or at a given angle to it) have equivalentbirefringence.

The optical axis of an optical retarder refers to the direction ofpropagation of a light ray in the uniaxial birefringent material inwhich no birefringence is experienced. This is different from theoptical axis of an optical system which may for example be parallel to aline of symmetry or normal to a display surface along which a principalray propagates.

For light propagating in a direction orthogonal to the optical axis, theoptical axis is the slow axis when linearly polarized light with anelectric vector direction parallel to the slow axis travels at theslowest speed. The slow axis direction is the direction with the highestrefractive index at the design wavelength. Similarly the fast axisdirection is the direction with the lowest refractive index at thedesign wavelength.

For positive dielectric anisotropy uniaxial birefringent materials theslow axis direction is the extraordinary axis of the birefringentmaterial. For negative dielectric anisotropy uniaxial birefringentmaterials the fast axis direction is the extraordinary axis of thebirefringent material.

The terms half a wavelength and quarter a wavelength refer to theoperation of a retarder for a design wavelength λ₀ that may typically bebetween 500 nm and 570 nm. In the present illustrative embodimentsexemplary retardance values are provided for a wavelength of 550 nmunless otherwise specified.

The retarder provides a phase shift between two perpendicularpolarization components of the light wave incident thereon and ischaracterized by the amount of relative phase, Γ, that it imparts on thetwo polarization components; which is related to the birefringence Δnand the thickness d of the retarder by

Γ=2·π·Δn·d/λ ₀  eqn. 1

In eqn. 1, Δn is defined as the difference between the extraordinary andthe ordinary index of refraction, i.e.

Δn=n _(e) −n _(o)  eqn. 2

For a half-wave retarder, the relationship between d, Δn, and λ₀ ischosen so that the phase shift between polarization components is Γ=π.For a quarter-wave retarder, the relationship between d, Δn, and λ₀ ischosen so that the phase shift between polarization components is Γ=π/2.

The term half-wave retarder herein typically refers to light propagatingnormal to the retarder and normal to the spatial light modulator.

Some aspects of the propagation of light rays through a transparentretarder between a pair of polarisers will now be described.

The state of polarisation (SOP) of a light ray is described by therelative amplitude and phase shift between any two orthogonalpolarization components. Transparent retarders do not alter the relativeamplitudes of these orthogonal polarisation components but act only ontheir relative phase. Providing a net phase shift between the orthogonalpolarisation components alters the SOP whereas maintaining net relativephase preserves the SOP. In the current description, the SOP may betermed the polarisation state.

A linear SOP has a polarisation component with a non-zero amplitude andan orthogonal polarisation component which has zero amplitude

A linear polariser transmits a unique linear SOP that has a linearpolarisation component parallel to the electric vector transmissiondirection of the linear polariser and attenuates light with a differentSOP.

Absorbing polarisers are polarisers that absorb one polarisationcomponent of incident light and transmit a second orthogonalpolarisation component. Examples of absorbing linear polarisers aredichroic polarisers.

Reflective polarisers are polarisers that reflect one polarisationcomponent of incident light and transmit a second orthogonalpolarisation component. Examples of reflective polarisers that arelinear polarisers are multilayer polymeric film stacks such as DBEF™ orAPF™ from 3M Corporation, or wire grid polarisers such as ProFlux™ fromMoxtek. Reflective linear polarisers may further comprise cholestericreflective materials and a quarter waveplate arranged in series.

A retarder arranged between a linear polariser and a parallel linearanalysing polariser that introduces no relative net phase shift providesfull transmission of the light other than residual absorption within thelinear polariser.

A retarder that provides a relative net phase shift between orthogonalpolarisation components changes the SOP and provides attenuation at theanalysing polariser.

In the present disclosure an ‘A-plate’ refers to an optical retarderutilizing a layer of birefringent material with its optical axisparallel to the plane of the layer.

A ‘positive A-plate’ refers to positively birefringent A-plates, i.e.A-plates with a positive Δn.

In the present disclosure a ‘C-plate’ refers to an optical retarderutilizing a layer of birefringent material with its optical axisperpendicular to the plane of the layer. A ‘positive C-plate’ refers topositively birefringent C-plate, i.e. a C-plate with a positive Δn. A‘negative C-plate’ refers to negatively birefringent C-plates, i.e.C-plates with a negative Δn.

‘O-plate’ refers to an optical retarder utilizing a layer ofbirefringent material with its optical axis having a component parallelto the plane of the layer and a component perpendicular to the plane ofthe layer. A ‘positive O-plate’ refers to positively birefringentO-plates, i.e. O-plates with a positive Δn.

Achromatic retarders may be provided wherein the material of theretarder is provided with a retardance Δn·d that varies with wavelengthλ as

Δn·d/λ=κ  eqn. 3

where κ is substantially a constant.

Examples of suitable materials include modified polycarbonates fromTeijin Films. Achromatic retarders may be provided in the presentembodiments to advantageously minimise color changes between polarangular viewing directions which have low luminance reduction and polarangular viewing directions which have increased luminance reductions aswill be described below.

Various other terms used in the present disclosure related to retardersand to liquid crystals will now be described.

A liquid crystal cell has a retardance given by Δn·d where Δn is thebirefringence of the liquid crystal material in the liquid crystal celland d is the thickness of the liquid crystal cell, independent of thealignment of the liquid crystal material in the liquid crystal cell.

Homogeneous alignment refers to the alignment of liquid crystals inswitchable liquid crystal displays where molecules align substantiallyparallel to a substrate. Homogeneous alignment is sometimes referred toas planar alignment. Homogeneous alignment may typically be providedwith a small pre-tilt such as 2 degrees, so that the molecules at thesurfaces of the alignment layers of the liquid crystal cell are slightlyinclined as will be described below. Pretilt is arranged to minimisedegeneracies in switching of cells.

In the present disclosure, homeotropic alignment is the state in whichrod-like liquid crystalline molecules align substantiallyperpendicularly to the substrate. In discotic liquid crystalshomeotropic alignment is defined as the state in which an axis of thecolumn structure, which is formed by disc-like liquid crystallinemolecules, aligns perpendicularly to a surface. In homeotropicalignment, pretilt is the tilt angle of the molecules that are close tothe alignment layer and is typically close to 90 degrees and for examplemay be 88 degrees.

In a twisted liquid crystal layer a twisted configuration (also known asa helical structure or helix) of nematic liquid crystal molecules isprovided. The twist may be achieved by means of a non-parallel alignmentof alignment layers. Further, cholesteric dopants may be added to theliquid crystal material to break degeneracy of the twist direction(clockwise or anti-clockwise) and to further control the pitch of thetwist in the relaxed (typically undriven) state. A supertwisted liquidcrystal layer has a twist of greater than 180 degrees. A twisted nematiclayer used in spatial light modulators typically has a twist of 90degrees.

Liquid crystal molecules with positive dielectric anisotropy areswitched from a homogeneous alignment (such as an A-plate retarderorientation) to a homeotropic alignment (such as a C-plate or O-plateretarder orientation) by means of an applied electric field.

Liquid crystal molecules with negative dielectric anisotropy areswitched from a homeotropic alignment (such as a C-plate or O-plateretarder orientation) to a homogeneous alignment (such as an A-plateretarder orientation) by means of an applied electric field.

Rod-like molecules have a positive birefringence so that n_(c)>n_(o) asdescribed in eqn. 2. Discotic molecules have negative birefringence sothat n_(c)<n_(o).

Positive retarders such as A-plates, positive O-plates and positiveC-plates may typically be provided by stretched films or rod-like liquidcrystal molecules. Negative retarders such as negative C-plates may beprovided by stretched films or discotic like liquid crystal molecules.

Parallel liquid crystal cell alignment refers to the alignment directionof homogeneous alignment layers being parallel or more typicallyantiparallel. In the case of pre-tilted homeotropic alignment, thealignment layers may have components that are substantially parallel orantiparallel. Hybrid aligned liquid crystal cells may have onehomogeneous alignment layer and one homeotropic alignment layer. Twistedliquid crystal cells may be provided by alignment layers that do nothave parallel alignment, for example oriented at 90 degrees to eachother.

Transmissive spatial light modulators may further comprise retardersbetween the input display polariser and the output display polariser forexample as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,237,876, which is hereinincorporated by reference in its entirely. Such retarders (not shown)are in a different place to the passive retarders of the presentembodiments. Such retarders compensate for contrast degradations foroff-axis viewing locations, which is a different effect to the luminancereduction for off-axis viewing positions of the present embodiments.

A private mode of operation of a display is one in which an observersees a low contrast sensitivity such that an image is not clearlyvisible. Contrast sensitivity is a measure of the ability to discernbetween luminances of different levels in a static image. Inversecontrast sensitivity may be used as a measure of visual security, inthat a high visual security level (VSL) corresponds to low imagevisibility.

For a privacy display providing an image to an observer, visual securitymay be given as:

V=(Y+R)/(Y−K)  eqn. 4

where V is the visual security level (VSL), Y is the luminance of thewhite state of the display at a snooper viewing angle, K is theluminance of the black state of the display at the snooper viewing angleand R is the luminance of reflected light from the display.

Panel contrast ratio is given as:

C=Y/K  eqn. 5

so the visual security level may be further given as:

V=(P·Y _(max) +I·ρ/π)/(P·(Y _(max) −Y _(max) /C))tm eqn.6

where: Y_(max) is the maximum luminance of the display; P is theoff-axis relative luminance typically defined as the ratio of luminanceat the snooper angle to the maximum luminance Y_(max), C is the imagecontrast ratio; ρ is the surface reflectivity; and I is the illuminance.The units of Y_(max) are the units of I divided by solid angle in unitsof steradian.

The luminance of a display varies with angle and so the maximumluminance of the display Y_(max) occurs at a particular angle thatdepends on the configuration of the display.

In many displays, the maximum luminance Y_(max) occurs head-on, i.e.normal to the display. Any display device disclosed herein may bearranged to have a maximum luminance Y_(max) that occurs head-on, inwhich case references to the maximum luminance of the display deviceY_(max) may be replaced by references to the luminance normal to thedisplay device.

Alternatively, any display described herein may be arranged to have amaximum luminance Y_(max) that occurs at a polar angle to the normal tothe display device that is greater than 0°. By way of example, themaximum luminance Y_(max) may occur may at a non-zero polar angle and atan azimuth angle that has for example zero lateral angle so that themaximum luminance is for an on-axis user that is looking down on to thedisplay device. The polar angle may for example be 10 degrees and theazimuthal angle may be the northerly direction (90 degreesanti-clockwise from easterly direction). The viewer may thereforedesirably see a high luminance at typical non-normal viewing angles.

The off-axis relative luminance, P is sometimes referred to as theprivacy level. However, such privacy level P describes relativeluminance of a display at a given polar angle compared to head-onluminance, and in fact is not a measure of privacy appearance.

The illuminance, I is luminous flux per unit area that is incident onthe display and reflected from the display towards the observerlocation. For Lambertian illuminance, and for displays with a Lambertianfront diffuser illuminance I is invariant with polar and azimuthalangles. For arrangements with a display with non-Lambertian frontdiffusion arranged in an environment with directional (non-Lambertian)ambient light, illuminance I varies with polar and azimuthal angle ofobservation.

Thus in a perfectly dark environment, a high contrast display has VSL ofapproximately 1.0. As ambient illuminance increases, the perceived imagecontrast degrades, VSL increases and a private image is perceived.

For typical liquid crystal displays the panel contrast C is above 100:1for almost all viewing angles, allowing the visual security level to beapproximated to:

V=1+I·ρ/(π·P·Y _(max))  eqn. 7

In the present embodiments, in addition to the exemplary definition ofeqn. 4, other measurements of visual security level, V may be provided,for example to include the effect on image visibility to a snooper ofsnooper location, image contrast, image colour and white point andsubtended image feature size. Thus the visual security level may be ameasure of the degree of privacy of the display but may not berestricted to the parameter V.

The perceptual image security may be determined from the logarithmicresponse of the eye, such that

S=log₁₀(V)  eqn. 8

Desirable limits for S were determined in the following manner. In afirst step a privacy display device was provided. Measurements of thevariation of privacy level, P(0) of the display device with polarviewing angle and variation of reflectivity ρ(0) of the display devicewith polar viewing angle were made using photonic measurement equipment.A light source such as a substantially uniform luminance light box wasarranged to provide illumination from an illuminated region that wasarranged to illuminate the privacy display device along an incidentdirection for reflection to a viewer position at a polar angle ofgreater than 0° to the normal to the display device. The variation I(0)of illuminance of a substantially Lambertian emitting lightbox withpolar viewing angle was determined by and measuring the variation ofrecorded reflective luminance with polar viewing angle taking intoaccount the variation of reflectivity ρ(0). The measurements of P(0),r(0) and I(0) were used to determine the variation of Security FactorS(0) with polar viewing angle along the zero elevation axis.

In a second step a series of high contrast images were provided on theprivacy display including (i) small text images with maximum font height3 mm, (ii) large text images with maximum font height 30 mm and (iii)moving images.

In a third step each observer (with eyesight correction for viewing at1000 mm where appropriate) viewed each of the images from a distance of1000 m, and adjusted their polar angle of viewing at zero elevationuntil image invisibility was achieved for one eye from a position nearon the display at or close to the centre-line of the display. The polarlocation of the observer's eye was recorded. From the relationship S(0),the security factor at said polar location was determined. Themeasurement was repeated for the different images, for various displayluminance Y_(max), different lightbox illuminance I(0=0), for differentbackground lighting conditions and for different observers.

From the above measurements S<1.0 provides low or no visual security,1.0≤S<1.5 provides visual security that is dependent on the contrast,spatial frequency and temporal frequency of image content. 1.5≤S<1.8provides acceptable image invisibility (that is no image contrast isobservable) for most images and most observers and S≥1.8 provides fullimage invisibility, independent of image content for all observers.

In practical display devices, this means that it is desirable to providea value of S for an off-axis viewer who is a snooper that meets therelationship S≥S_(min), where: S_(min) has a value of 1.0 or more toachieve the effect that the off-axis viewer cannot perceive thedisplayed image; S_(min) has a value of 1.5 or more to achieve theeffect that the displayed image is invisible, i.e. the viewer cannotperceive even that an image is being displayed, for most images and mostobservers; or S_(min) has a value of 1.8 or more to achieve the effectthat the displayed image is invisible independent of image content forall observers.

In comparison to privacy displays, desirably wide angle displays areeasily observed in standard ambient illuminance conditions. One measureof image visibility is given by the contrast sensitivity such as theMichelson contrast which is given by:

M=(I _(max) −I _(min))/(I _(max) +I _(min))  eqn. 9

and so:

M=((Y+R)−(K+R))/((Y+R)+(K+R))=(Y−K)/(Y+K+2·R)  eqn. 10

Thus the visual security level (VSL), V is equivalent (but not identicalto) 1/M. In the present discussion, for a given off-axis relativeluminance, P the wide angle image visibility, W is approximated as

W=1/V=1/(1+I·ρ/(π·P·Y _(max)))  eqn. 11

The above discussion focusses on reducing visibility of the displayedimage to an off-axis viewer who is a snooper, but similar considerationsapply to visibility of the displayed image to the intended user of thedisplay device who is typically on-axis. In this case, decrease of thelevel of the visual security level (VSL) V corresponds to an increase inthe visibility of the image to the viewer. During observation S<0.1 mayprovide acceptable visibility of the displayed image. In practicaldisplay devices, this means that it is desirable to provide a value of Sfor an on-axis viewer who is the intended user of the display devicethat meets the relationship S≤S_(max), where S_(max) has a value of 0.1.

In the present discussion the colour variation Δε of an output colour(u_(w)′+Δu′, v_(w)′+Δv′) from a desirable white point (u_(w)′, v_(w)′)may be determined by the CIELUV colour difference metric, assuming atypical display spectral illuminant and is given by:

Δε=(Δu ⁻² +Δv ⁻²)^(1/2)  eqn. 12

Switchable directional display apparatuses for use in privacy displayfor example and comprising plural retarders arranged between a displaypolariser and an additional polariser are described in U.S. Patent Publ.No. 2019-0086706, U.S. Patent Publ. No. 2019-0250458, U.S. Patent Publ.No. 2020-0225402, and WIPO Publ. No. 2019-055755, all of which areherein incorporated by reference in their entireties. Directionaldisplay apparatuses further comprising reflective polarisers arrangedbetween the display polariser and retarders are described in U.S. PatentPubl. No. 2019-0250458 and in U.S. Patent Publ. No. 2019-0227366, bothof which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.Directional display polarisers comprising passive retarders arrangedbetween a display polariser and an additional polariser are describedU.S. Patent Publ. No. 2018-0321553, which is herein incorporated byreference in its entirety.

Curvature is a property of a line that is curved and for the presentdisclosure is the inverse radius of curvature. A planar surface has acurvature of zero.

The structure and operation of various directional display devices willnow be described. In this description, common elements have commonreference numerals. It is noted that the disclosure relating to anyelement applies to each device in which the same or correspondingelement is provided. Accordingly, for brevity such disclosure is notrepeated.

FIG. 1A is a side perspective view of a display device 100 providinguniformity in reduction of luminance in directions; and FIG. 1B is afront view of the stack of layers of the display device of FIG. 1A.Features of the arrangement of FIG. 1B not discussed in further detailmay be assumed to correspond to the features with equivalent referencenumerals of FIG. 1A, including any potential variations in the features.

FIG. 1A illustrates the display device 100, for use in ambientillumination 604, which comprises a spatial light modulator (SLM) 48arranged to output light 400. The SLM 48 comprises an input polariser210 arranged on the input side of the SLM 48 and an output polariser218, arranged on the output side of the SLM 48, the input polariser 210and the output polariser 218 being the two display polarisers of theSLM. The input polariser 210 and the output polariser 218 are eachlinear polarisers.

The display device 100 also comprises an additional polariser 318arranged on the output side of the output polariser 218, that is thesame side as the output polariser 218, and a reflective polariser 302arranged between the output polariser 218 and the additional polariser318. The additional polariser 318 and the reflective polariser 302 areeach a linear polariser. Typical polarisers 210, 218, 318 may bepolarisers such as dichroic polarisers.

The display device 100 also comprises at least one polar controlretarder 300 which is arranged between the additional polariser 318 andthe output polariser 218 and wherein the polar control retarder 300includes a liquid crystal retarder 301. The polar control retarder 300is also arranged between the reflective polariser 302 and the additionalpolariser 318. Further, the reflective polariser 302 is arranged betweenthe output polariser 218 and the polar control retarder 300. Theelectric vector transmission direction 303 of the reflective polariser302 is parallel to the electric vector transmission direction 319 of theadditional polariser 318, i.e. the reflective polariser 302 is a linearpolariser arranged to pass the same linearly polarised component as theoutput polariser 218. The electric vector transmission direction 303 ofthe reflective polariser 302 is parallel to the electric vectortransmission direction 219 of the output polariser 218.

The electric vector transmission direction 211 of the input polariser210 is orthogonal to the electric vector transmission direction 219 ofthe output polariser 218. Advantageously the transmission of partiallypolarised light from the waveguide 1 through the input polariser 210 maybe increased.

In the present disclosure, the SLM 48 may comprise a liquid crystaldisplay comprising substrates 212, 216, liquid crystal layer 214 andred, green and blue pixels 220, 222, 224. The output polariser 218 maybe arranged to provide high extinction ratio for light from the pixels220, 222, 224 of the SLM 48 and to prevent back reflections from thereflective polariser 302 towards the pixels 220, 222, 224.

Backlight 20 may be arranged to illuminate the SLM 48, thereby providinga transmissive SLM 48 and may comprise input light sources 15, waveguide1, rear reflector 3 and optical stack 5 comprising diffusers, lightturning films and other known optical backlight structures. Plural firstlight sources 15 are shown by way of non-limitative example, but ingeneral there may any number of one or more light sources 15. Asymmetricdiffusers, that may comprise asymmetric surface relief features forexample, may be provided in the optical slack 5 with increased diffusionin the elevation direction in comparison to the lateral direction may beprovided. Advantageously image uniformity may be increased.

The display may further comprise a reflective recirculation polariser208 arranged between the backlight 20 and the SLM 48. The reflectiverecirculation polariser 208 is different to the reflective polariser 302of the present embodiments. Reflective recirculation polariser 208provides reflection of polarised light from the backlight 20 that has apolarisation that is orthogonal to the electric vector transmissiondirection of the dichroic input polariser 210. Reflective recirculationpolariser 208 does not reflect ambient light 604 to a snooper.

The SLM 48 may alternatively be provided by other display types thatprovide output light 400 by emission, such as organic LED displays(OLED), with output polariser 218. Output polariser 218 may providereduction of luminance for light reflected from the OLED pixel plane bymeans of one of more retarders 518 inserted between the output displaypolariser 218 and OLED pixel plane. The one or more retarders 518 may bea quarter waveplate and is different to the retarder 330 of the presentdisclosure.

In the embodiment of FIG. 1, the polar control retarder 300 comprisespassive polar control retarder 330, i.e. at least one passivecompensation retarder, and a layer of liquid crystal material providedby a switchable liquid crystal retarder. In general, the polar controlretarder 300 may comprise any configuration of at least one retarder,some examples of which are present in the devices described below.

The at least one polar control retarder 300 is capable of simultaneouslyintroducing no net relative phase shift to orthogonal polarisationcomponents of light passed by the reflective polariser 302 along an axisalong a normal to the plane of the at least one polar control retarder300 and introducing a relative phase shift to orthogonal polarisationcomponents of light passed by the reflective polariser 302 along an axisinclined to a normal to the plane of the at least one polar controlretarder 300. The polar control retarder 300 does not affect theluminance of light passing through the reflective polariser 302, thepolar control retarder 300 and the additional polariser 318 along anaxis along a normal to the plane of the polar control retarder 300. Thepolar control retarder 300 does, however, reduce the luminance of lightpassing therethrough along an axis inclined to a normal to the plane ofthe polar control retarder 300, at least in one of the switchable statesof the switchable retarder 301. The principles leading to this effectare described in greater detail below with reference to FIGS. 23A-25Eand arises from the presence or absence of a phase shift introduced bythe polar control retarder 300 to light along axes that are angleddifferently with respect to the liquid crystal material of the polarcontrol retarder 300. A similar effect is achieved in all the devicesdescribed below.

The polar control retarder 300 comprises a switchable liquid crystalretarder 301 comprising a layer 314 of liquid crystal material, andsubstrates 312, 316 arranged between the reflective polariser 302 andthe additional polariser 318. Thus the at least one polar controlretarder 300 comprises a switchable liquid crystal retarder 301comprising a layer 314 of liquid crystal material 414, wherein the atleast one polar control retarder 300 is arranged, in a switchable stateof the switchable liquid crystal retarder 301, simultaneously tointroduce no net relative phase shift to orthogonal polarisationcomponents of light passed by the reflective polariser 302 along an axisalong a normal to the plane of the at least one polar control retarder300 and to introduce a net relative phase shift to orthogonalpolarisation components of light passed by the reflective polariser 302along an axis inclined to a normal to the plane of the at least onepolar control retarder.

The substrates 312, 316 of the switchable liquid crystal retarder 301comprise electrodes 413, 415 (illustrated in FIG. 5A) arranged toprovide a voltage across the layer 314 of liquid crystal material 414for controlling the layer 314. A control system 352 is arranged tocontrol the voltage applied, by a voltage driver 350, across theelectrodes 413, 415 of the switchable liquid crystal retarder 301.

The polar control retarder further comprises two surface alignmentlayers 419A, 419B disposed adjacent to the layer 314 of liquid crystalmaterial 414 and on opposite sides thereof. Each of the surfacealignment layers 419A, 419B is arranged to provide alignment in theadjacent liquid crystal material 414 with an in-plane component 417Ap,417Bp respectively that is in the plane of the layer 314 of liquidcrystal material 414.

In a region on the left side of the liquid crystal retarder 301 thein-plane component 417ALp on the first alignment layer 419A has anorientation angle 617AL. In a region near the centre of the liquidcrystal retarder 301, the in-plane component 417ACp on the firstalignment layer 419A has an orientation angle 617AC. In a region on theright side of the liquid crystal retarder 301 the in-plane component417ARp on the first alignment layer 419A has an orientation angle 617AR.

As will be described further hereinbelow, in a region on the left sideof the liquid crystal retarder 301 the in-plane component 417BLp on thesecond alignment layer 419B has an orientation angle 617BL. In a regionnear the centre of the liquid crystal retarder 301, the in-planecomponent 417BCp on the second alignment layer 419B has an orientationangle 617BC. In a region on the right side of the liquid crystal reorder301 the in-plane component 417BRp on the second alignment layer 419B hasan orientation angle 617BR.

In the present embodiments at least one of the angles 617A, 617B of saidin-plane component of the alignment in the adjacent liquid crystalmaterial 414 changes monotonically along the predetermined axis acrossat least part of the display device 100. This will be further describedhereinbelow, for example with reference to FIG. 4 below.

As illustrated in FIG. 1B in the case when the SLM 48 is a liquidcrystal display, the input electric vector transmission direction 211 atthe input polariser 210 provides an input polarisation component thatmay be transformed by the liquid crystal layer 214 to provide outputpolarisation component determined by the electric vector transmissiondirection 219 of the output polariser 218. The electric vectortransmission direction of the reflective polariser 302 is parallel tothe electric vector transmission direction of the output polariser 218.Further, the electric vector transmission direction of the outputpolariser 218 and the electric vector transmission direction 303 of thereflective polariser 302 are parallel to the electric vectortransmission direction 319 of the additional polariser 318 in thisexample.

The at least one passive retarder 330, of the at least one polar controlretarder 300, is arranged to introduce no net relative phase shift toorthogonal polarisation components of light passed by the reflectivepolariser 302 along an axis along a normal to the plane of the at leastone passive retarder and to introduce a net relative phase shift toorthogonal polarisation components of light passed by the reflectivepolariser 302 along an axis inclined to a normal to the plane of the atleast one passive retarder.

As will be described for example in FIG. 5A hereinbelow, the liquidcrystal material 414 is aligned with an in-plane component that is inthe plane of the layer 314 of liquid crystal material 414. FIG. 1Billustrates the alignment of liquid crystal material 414 at thealignment layer 417A. The angle 617AL, 617AC, 617AR of said in-planecomponents 417ALp, 417ACp, 417ARp of the alignment in the adjacentliquid crystal material 414 at the alignment layer 417A of the liquidcrystal layer 314 changes monotonically along the predetermined axis 500across at least part of the display device 100, to provide liquidcrystal material 414 molecules 414ALp, 414ACp and 414ARp with varyingalignment across alignment layer 417A. When viewed from left to right,the angle 617 of the in-plane component of material 414B increases fromapproximately 70 degrees for material 414ALp, to 90 degrees at formaterial 414ACp, to approximately 110 degrees for material 414ARp. Inthis case, the angle has been determined from the axis 500, rotatingcounter-clockwise, to the in-plane component of the liquid crystalmaterial 414. Determining the angle 617AL, 617AC, 617AR in this mannerresults in a monotonically increasing angle. Alternatively, the anglemay be determined from the axis 500 in a clockwise direction to thein-plane component of the liquid crystal material. In this case, theangle would be monotonically decreasing.

Passive polar control retarder 330 may comprise retardation layer with asolid birefringent material 430, while switchable liquid crystalretarder 301 may comprise a layer 314 of liquid crystal material 414, aswill be described below.

An emissive display device will now be described.

FIG. 2 is a side perspective view of an emissive display device 100providing uniformity in reduction of luminance in directions. Featuresof the arrangement of FIG. 2 not discussed in further detail may beassumed to correspond to the features with equivalent reference numeralsas discussed above, including any potential variations in the features.

FIG. 2 is an alternative embodiment wherein the spatial light modulator48 is an emissive spatial light modulator and the display polariser 218is an output polariser arranged on an output side of the transmissivespatial light modulator 48. Pixels 220, 222, 224 may be provided byemissive elements such as OLED, micro-LED or other known emittingelements. Advantageously thickness may be reduced in comparison to theembodiment of FIG. 1.

By way of comparison with FIGS. 1A-B, FIG. 2 also illustrates analternative arrangement wherein the electric vector transmissiondirections 219, 303, 319 of the output polariser 218, reflectivepolariser 302 and additional polariser 318 may be orthogonal to thealignment direction with in-plane component 417ACp. The operation of thepresent embodiments is substantially the same for parallel or orthogonalalignments of the electric vector transmission directions 219, 303, 319with the said in-plane components 417ACp of the alignment in theadjacent liquid crystal material 414AC. Advantageously the transmissionof light through sunglasses with transmission direction parallel to thex-axis may be increased.

Arrangements of alignment layers 419A, 419B will now be furtherdescribed.

FIG. 3A is a front view of a first surface alignment layer 419A of thedisplay device 100 of FIG. 1A wherein the angle of in-plane component ofthe alignment varies along first and second axes 500, 502. Features ofthe arrangement of FIG. 3A not discussed in further detail may beassumed to correspond to the features with equivalent reference numeralsas discussed above, including any potential variations in the features.

The surface alignment layer 419A may have material that providesdifferent alignment orientations across the surface alignment layer 419Aas will be described further hereinbelow.

The material on the upper left has alignment 417ALU which has an angle617ALU to the axis 500. The material in the upper centre has analignment 417ACU, which has an angle 617ACU to the axis 500. Thematerial in the far right has an alignment 417ARU, which has an angle617ARU to the axis 500. As is apparent, the angle 617AU of the materialin the plane of the alignment layer 419A increases monotonically fromleft to right along the axis 500. This alignment layer 419A will thusresult in an angle of the in-plane component of the alignment in theadjacent liquid crystal material 414, in the liquid crystal layer 314,which changes monotonically along the predetermined axis across at leastpart of the display device 100, which corresponds to the axis 500 of thealignment layer 419A.

In the lower left portion of the alignment layer 419A, the material hasan alignment 417ALD which has an angle 617ALD to the axis 500.

In the lower centre of the alignment layer 419A, the material has thesame alignment 417ACD to the alignment 417ACU which has an angle 617ACDthat is the same as the angle 617ACU to the axis 500. In alternativeembodiments the angles 617ACU, 617ACD may be different to provideluminance control in the vertical axis 502 as will be described furtherhereinbelow.

Further, the material 414 on the lower right portion of the alignmentlayer 419A has an alignment 417ARD which has an angle 617ARD to the axis500. As shown, the angle 617ALU is larger than angle 619ALD, and angle617ARU is larger than angle 619ARD. Accordingly, in addition to theangle changing monotonically along axis 500, the angle of the in-planecomponent of the alignment layer 419A, and hence the alignment in theadjacent liquid material also changes monotonically along a furtheraxis, shown by axis 502 which is perpendicular to axis 500.

Advantageously as will be described below, increased uniformity ofillumination to on-axis viewers may be increased.

FIG. 3B is a front view of a surface alignment layer 419A of the displaydevice of FIG. 1A wherein the angle of in-plane component of thealignment 417A varies along the first axis 500 and not along the secondaxis 502. Features of the arrangement of FIG. 3B not discussed infurther detail may be assumed to correspond to the features withequivalent reference numerals as discussed above, including anypotential variations in the features.

Thus the alignment does not change along a further axes perpendicular tothe predetermined axis 500. Advantageously the alignment layer may beprovided to achieve increased uniformity of luminance along the axis500. The alignment layers 419A, 419B may be more convenientlymanufactured than the arrangement of FIG. 3A, as will be describedfurther below with reference to FIGS. 21-22.

The second surface alignment layer 419B (not shown) may be the same asthe first surface alignment layer 419A, or alternatively it may bedifferent. The alignment directions 417B on the second surface alignmentlayer 419B may typically be parallel or anti-parallel to the alignmentdirections 417A on the first alignment layer. Advantageously increaseduniformity may be provided in a lateral direction along axis 500 as willbe described further below.

Some twist may be provided between the alignment directions 417A, 417Bat the first and second alignment layers 419A, 419B. Advantageouslyincreased rotational symmetry of output profile may be achieved. Furtherthe number of substrates that have varying alignment directions may bereduced, reducing cost and complexity.

Variations of alignment angles 617 will now be described.

FIG. 4 is a graph of the in-plane component of angle 617 of thealignment provided by the surface alignment layer 419A of FIG. 3A in thepredetermined direction 500 across the width of the active area ofdisplay device 100. The alignment orientation shown by the profiles 504,506, 508 change monotonically across at least part of the display 100.Profiles 504, 506 illustrates a linear variation of alignment angle 617.In manufacture, the gradient of the profile may be varied to providemaximum uniformity for different nominal viewing distances of theprimary viewer from the display device 100. For example, a high gradientmay be used for a short viewing distance while a lower gradient ofprofile 506 may be provided for displays arranged to be operated atlonger viewing distances. Advantageously uniformity may be optimised.

Profile 508 illustrates a non-linear variation of angle 617 in thepredetermined direction 500. Such a profile may be provided tocompensate for non-linear variations of luminance profile with viewingangle as will be further described with reference to FIGS. 10A-H belowfor example.

In these examples, the in-plane component of angle at least one of theangles 617A, 617B of said in-plane component of the alignment in theadjacent liquid crystal material 414 changes monotonically along thepredetermined axis a mean direction that is parallel to the electricvector transmission directions of the output polariser 218 and thereflective polariser 302 and the additional polariser 318, with a meandirection that is parallel to the electric vector transmissiondirections of the output polariser 218, the reflective polariser 302 andthe additional polariser 318. More generally, in the case that theelectric vector transmission directions of the output polariser 218,live reflective polariser 302 and the additional polariser 318 are notparallel, the mean direction may be parallel to or orthogonal to theelectric vector transmission directions of at least one of the outputpolariser 218, the reflective polariser 302 and the additional polariser318. However, this is not essential. In other examples, live meandirection may be at a non-zero acute angle to one or more of theelectric vector transmission directions of the output polariser 218, thereflective polariser 302 and the additional polariser 318.

In the examples described above, at least one of the angles 617A, 617Bof said in-plane component of the alignment in the adjacent liquidcrystal material 414 changes monotonically along the predetermined axisacross the entirety of the display device 100. In other examplesdescribed below, the at least one of the angles 617A, 617B of saidin-plane component of the alignment in the adjacent liquid crystalmaterial 414 changes monotonically along the predetermined axis across apart of the display device 100, in which case the technical effects areachieved for that part.

An illustrative polar control retarder arrangement will now bedescribed.

FIG. 5A is a perspective view of polar control retarders 330, 301 thatmay be applied in FIG. 1, comprising a homogeneously aligned switchableLC retarder 301 and passive crossed A-plate retarders 308A, 308B; andFIG. 5B is a perspective view of liquid crystal material 414 alignmentorientations in the liquid crystal layer 314 of the liquid crystal polarcontrol retarder 301 of FIG. 5A.

In FIGS. 5A-H and other schematic diagrams below, some layers of theoptical stack are omitted for clarity. For example the switchable liquidcrystal retarder 301 is shown omitting the substrates 312, 316. Featuresof the arrangement of FIG. 5A not discussed in further detail may beassumed to correspond to the features with equivalent reference numeralsas discussed above, including any potential variations in the features.

The switchable liquid crystal retarder 301 comprises a layer 314 ofliquid crystal material 414 with a positive dielectric anisotropy.

The switchable liquid crystal retarder 301 comprises two surfacealignment layers 419A, 419B disposed adjacent to the layer of liquidcrystal material 421 and on opposite sides thereof and each arranged toprovide homogeneous alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material414. The layer 314 of liquid crystal material 414 of the switchableliquid crystal retarder 301 comprises a liquid crystal material 414 witha positive dielectric anisotropy. The layer 314 of liquid crystalmaterial 414 has a retardance for light of a wavelength of 550 nm in arange from 500 nm to 900 nm, preferably in a range from 600 nm to 850 nmand most preferably in a range from 700 nm to 800 nm. The passive polarcontrol retarder 330 further comprises a pair of passive retarders 308A,308B which have optical axes in the plane of the retarders, that is theyare A-plates, that are crossed. Each passive retarder 308A, 308B of thepair of passive retarders 308A, 308B has a retardance for light of awavelength of 550 nm in a range from 300 nm to 800 nm, preferably in arange from 350 nm to 650 nm and most preferably in a range from 450 nmto 550 nm.

In the present embodiments, ‘crossed’ refers to an angle ofsubstantially 90° between the optical axes of the two retarders 308A,308B in the plane of the retarders 308A, 308B. To reduce cost ofretarder materials, it is desirable to provide materials with somevariation of retarder orientation due to stretching errors during filmmanufacture for example. Variations in retarder orientation away frompreferable directions can reduce the head-on luminance and increase theminimum transmission. Preferably the angle 310A is at least 35° and atmost 55°, more preferably at least 40° and at most 50° and mostpreferably at least 42.5° and at most 47.5°. Preferably the angle 310Bis at least 125° and at most 145°, more preferably at least 130° and atmost 135° and most preferably at least 132.5° and at most 137.5°.

The passive retarders 308A, 308B may be provided using stretched filmsto advantageously achieve low cost and high uniformity. Further field ofview for liquid crystal retarders with homogeneous alignment isincreased while providing resilience to the visibility of flow of liquidcrystal material during applied pressure.

It may be desirable to provide the additional polariser 318 with adifferent electric vector transmission direction to the electric vectortransmission direction of the output polariser 218 and reflectivepolariser 302.

The liquid crystal retarder 301 further comprises electrodes 413, 415,which are transmissive, arranged across the layer 314 to control theliquid crystal material 414 and thereby control the liquid crystalretarder. The layer 314 of liquid crystal material 414 is switchable bymeans of adjusting the voltage being applied to the electrodes 413, 415.The electrodes 413, 415 are on opposite sides of the layer 314 of liquidcrystal material 414 and may for example be indium-tin-oxide (ITO)electrodes.

The alignment layers 419A, 419B may be formed between electrodes 413,415 and the liquid crystal material 414 of the layer 314.

The orientation of the liquid crystal molecules 414 will now be furtherdescribed.

Considering the molecule 414A that is adjacent the first alignment layer417A, the optical axis direction 417A is determined by the pretilt angle619A of the alignment layer 417A. for non-zero pretilt angles 619A, acomponent 417Az of liquid crystal molecule 414A optical axis alignmentdirection is provided that is out of the plane in which the liquidcrystal retarder 301 extends. The optical axis direction 417A is alsodetermined by the orientation direction 617A (that may be also referredto as the rubbing direction) of the alignment layer 417A in the regionin which the molecule 414A is arranged. A component 417Ap of liquidcrystal molecule 414A optical axis alignment direction is provided thatis in the plane in which the liquid crystal retarder 301 extends.

Considering the molecule 414B that is adjacent the second alignmentlayer 417B, the optical axis direction 417B is determined by the pretiltangle 619B of the alignment layer 417B. For non-zero pretilt angles619B, a component 417Bz of liquid crystal molecule 414B optical axisalignment direction is provided that is out of the plane in which theliquid crystal retarder 301 extends. The optical axis direction 417B isalso determined by the orientation direction 617B (that may be alsoreferred to as the rubbing direction) of the alignment layer 417B in theregion in which the molecule 414B is arranged. A component 417Bp ofliquid crystal molecule 414B optical axis alignment direction isprovided that is in the plane in which the liquid crystal retarder 301extends.

In other words, the orientation angle 617A, 617B is determined by thepretilt directions 619A, 619B of the alignment layers 419A, 419B so thateach alignment layer 419A, 419B has a pretilt. In the embodiment of FIG.5A, the pretilt of each alignment layer 419A, 419B has a pretiltdirection with a component 417Ap, 417Bp in the plane of the layer 314that is parallel or anti-parallel or orthogonal to each other.

In the embodiment of FIG. 5A, each of the surface alignment layers 419A,419B is arranged to provide homogenous alignment in the adjacent liquidcrystal material 414. In such homogeneous alignment layers 419A, 419Bmay be provided with a pretilt angle 619A, 619B that is 2° for example.

Driver 350 provides a voltage V to electrodes 413, 415 across the layer314 of switchable liquid crystal material 414 such that liquid crystalmolecules are inclined at a tilt angle to the vertical, forming anO-plate. The plane of the tilt is determined by the pretilt direction ofalignment layers 419A, 419B formed on the electrodes 413, 415 that areformed on the inner surfaces of substrates 312, 316 (seen in FIG. 1).

In typical use, for switching between a public mode and a privacy mode,the layer 314 of liquid crystal material 414 is switchable between twostates. The first state being a public mode so that the display 100 maybe used by multiple users, the second state being a privacy mode for useby a primary user with minimal visibility by snoopers. The switching maybe by means of a voltage being applied across the electrodes 413. 415

In general such a display 100 may be considered having a first wideangle state and a second reduced off-axis luminance state. Such adisplay 100 may provide a privacy display. In another use, or to providecontrolled luminance to off-axis observers, for example in an automotiveenvironment when a passenger or driver may wish some visibility of thedisplayed image, without full obscuration, by means of intermediatevoltage levels. Stray light may be reduced for night-time operation. Thedisplay 100 may also provide more uniform luminance reduction across atleast part of the display 100 for off-axis viewers whilst also providingmore uniform luminance across at least part of the display for on-axisviewers.

The embodiment of FIG. 5B further illustrates the variation of alignmentorientations with location along the lateral axis 500. Alignment layers419A, 419B are provided with pretilts 619A, 619B respectively that areof the same magnitude and arranged to provide homogeneous alignment inthe adjacent liquid crystal material 414.

On the left side of the display on the first alignment layer 419A,liquid crystal molecule 414AL has an alignment direction 417AL with anout-of-plane component 417ALz and an in-plane component 417ALp that hasan acute angle 617AL from the axis 500 direction. For the secondalignment layer 419B, liquid crystal molecule 414BL lets an alignmentdirection 417BL with an out-of-plane component 417BLz and an in-planecomponent 417BLp that has an acute angle 617BL from the axis 500direction. The directions 417ALp, 417BLp are anti-parallel.

On the right side of the display on the first alignment layer 419A,liquid crystal molecule 414AR has an alignment direction 417AR with anout-of-plane component 417ARz and an in-plane component 417ARp that hasan acute angle 617AR front the axis 500 direction. For the secondalignment layer 419B, liquid crystal molecule 414BR has an alignmentdirection 417BR with an out-of-plane component 417BRz and an in-planecomponent 417BRp that has an obtuse angle 617BR from the axis 500direction. The directions 417ARp, 417BRp are anti-parallel.

In the centre of the display, on the first alignment layer 419A, liquidcrystal molecule 414AC has an alignment direction 417AC with anout-of-plane component 417ACz and an in-plane component 417ACp that hasan acute angle 617AC from the axis 500 direction. For the secondalignment layer 419B, liquid crystal molecule 414BC has an alignmentdirection 417BC with an out-of-plane component 417BCz and an in-planecomponent 417BCp that has a right angle 617BC from the axis 500direction. The directions 417ACp, 417BCp are anti-parallel.

Variations of liquid crystal molecule 414 orientations through theliquid crystal layer 314 will now be described.

FIG. 6 is a graph of the LC director angle of the homogeneously alignedswitchable LC in FIG. 5A through its thickness, showing liquid crystaldirector angle 407 against fractional location 440 through theswitchable liquid crystal retarder 301 for various different appliedvoltages. Profile 441 illustrates liquid crystal material 414 tilt anglefor no applied voltage, tilt profile 443 illustrates directororientations for a first applied voltage to be use in privacy mode andtilt profile 445 illustrates director orientations for a higher appliedvoltage to be used in wide angle mode of operation. Thus the liquidcrystal layers are typically splayed in desirable switched states, andcompensated by the compensation retarders 330. Increasing the voltageprogressively reduces the thickness of the retarder 301 in which splayis present, and above the level for privacy operation advantageouslyincreases the polar field of view over which the transmission ismaximised.

The splay illustrated in FIG. 6 by profile 443, 445 is through thethickness of the liquid crystal layer 314 and is different to thevariation in angle 617 of the alignment direction at the alignment layer419.

The propagation of polarised light from the output polariser 218 willnow be considered for on-axis and off-axis directions.

FIG. 7 is a side view of propagation of output light from the SLM 48through the optical stack of FIG. 1A in a privacy mode. When the layer314, seen in FIG. 5A, of the switchable liquid crystal retarder 301, isin a second state of said two states, the polar control retarder 300provides no overall transformation of polarisation component 360 tooutput light rays 400 passing therethrough along an axis perpendicularto the plane of the switchable retarder. The polar control retarderdoes, however, provide an overall transformation of polarisationcomponent 361 to light rays 402 passing therethrough for some polarangles which are at an acute angle to the perpendicular to the plane ofthe retarders. Features of the arrangement of FIG. 7 not discussed infurther detail may be assumed to correspond to the features withequivalent reference numerals as discussed above, including anypotential variations in the features.

Polarisation component 360 from the output polariser 218 is transmittedby reflective polariser 302 and incident the polar control retarder 300,which comprises the switchable liquid crystal retarder 301 and thepassive polar control retarder 330. On-axis light has a polarisationcomponent 362, upon exiting the polar control retarder 300, that isunmodified from component 360. Whereas off-axis light has a polarisationcomponent 364, upon exiting the polar control retarder 300, that istransformed by the polar control retarder 300. The polarisationcomponent 361 may be transformed to a linear polarisation component 364which is absorbed by additional polariser 318. More generally, thepolarisation component 361 may be transformed to an ellipticalpolarisation component, that is partially absorbed by additionalpolariser 318.

Thus, in a polar representation of transmission by the polar controlretarder 300 and additional polariser 318 in a privacy mode at differentpolar angles, regions of high transmission and regions of lowtransmission are provided.

The polar distribution of light transmission modifies the polardistribution of luminance output of the underlying SLM 48. In the casethat the SLM 48 comprises a directional backlight 20 then off-axisluminance may be further be reduced as described above.

Advantageously, a privacy display is provided that has low luminance toan off-axis snooper while maintaining high luminance for an on-axisobserver.

FIG. 8 is a side view of propagation of ambient illumination lightthrough the optical stack of FIG. 1A in a privacy mode. Features of thearrangement of FIG. 8 not discussed in further detail may be assumed tocorrespond to the features with equivalent reference numerals asdiscussed above, including any potential variations in the features.

Ambient light source 604 illuminates the display 100 with unpolarisedlight. The additional polariser 318 transmits light ray 410 normal tothe display surface with a first polarisation component 372 that is alinear polarisation component parallel to the electric vectortransmission direction 319 of the additional polariser 318.

As depicted, the light ray 410 passes through the polar control retarder300 before being incident on the reflective polariser 302. In bothstates of operation, the polarisation component 372 remains unmodifiedby the polar control retarder 300 and so transmitted polarisationcomponent 382 is parallel to the transmission axis of the reflectivepolariser 302 and the output polariser 218. Ambient light is thereforedirected through the SLM 48 and lost.

By comparison, for ray 412 which is off-axis, the additional polariser318 transmits a portion of the light ray 412 with a first polarisationcomponent 372 that is a linear polarisation component parallel to theelectric vector transmission direction 319 of the additional polariser.The off-axis light ray 412 is directed through the polar controlretarder 300 and its first polarisation component 372 is modified tobecome a modified polarisation component 374. The ray 412 having themodified polarisation component 374 is incident on the reflectivepolariser 302. Because the modified polarisation component 374 isdifferent to the transmission axis of the reflective polariser 302, theray 412 may be reflected by the reflective polariser 302. The modifiedpolarisation component 374 is reconverted into polarisation component376 after passing through retarders 300 and is transmitted through theadditional polariser 318.

Thus, when the layer 314 of liquid crystal material is in this state,the polar control retarder 300 provides no overall transformation ofpolarisation component 372 to ambient light rays 410 passing through theadditional polariser 318, and then the polar control retarder 300, alongan axis perpendicular to the plane of the switchable retarder. Thereflective polariser 302 thus provides no reflected light for ambientlight rays 410 passing through the additional polariser 318 and then thepolar control retarder 300 along an axis perpendicular to the plane ofthe polar control retarder 300. The polar control retarder 300 does,however provide an overall transformation of polarisation component 372to ambient light rays 412 passing through the absorptive polariser 318and then the polar control retarder 300 at some polar angles which areat an acute angle to the perpendicular to the plane of the polar controlretarder 300. This results in reflected light rays 412 for ambient lightpassing through the additional polariser 318, and then the polar controlretarder 300, at some polar angles which are at an acute angle to theperpendicular to the plane of the polar control retarder 300, whereinthe ray 412, reflected by the reflective polariser 302, passes backthrough the polar control retarder 300 and is then transmitted by theadditional polariser 318.

Advantageously, the polar distribution of light reflection provides highreflectivity at typical snooper locations by means of the privacy stateof the polar control retarder 300, while maintaining low reflectivityfor an on-axis observer. Thus, in the privacy mode of operation, thereflectivity for off-axis viewing positions is increased, and theluminance for off-axis light from the SLM is reduced. As is describedabove, such increased reflectivity provides increased visual securitylevel for the display in an ambiently illuminated environment.

Operation of a privacy display to a viewer and snooper will now befurther described.

FIG. 9A is a schematic top view of the display device 100 illustratingvariation in the viewing angle of a display device 100 across its width.FIG. 9B is a graph illustrating the variation of luminance with polardirection for the light output from a centre point of the display device100 including the polar control retarder 300 of FIG. 5A; and FIG. 9C isa perspective view of a user 45 and the surface alignment layer of aprior art display device 1.

The display 100 comprises a liquid crystal polar control retarder 301,wherein the angle 617 of said in-plane component 417 of the alignment inthe adjacent liquid crystal material 414 changes monotonically along thepredetermined axis 500 across at least part of the display device asillustrated elsewhere herein.

In the alternative embodiment of FIG. 9A the angle of said in-planecomponent 417 of the alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material414 changes monotonically along a predetermined axis across the entiredisplay device 100.

Directions as illustrated by light rays 450R, 450C, 450L of maximumlight transmission of the display polarizer 218, the additionalpolariser 318 and said at least one polar control retarder 300 frompoints 470R, 470C 470L of said at least part of the display device 100are directed towards a common optical window 26 in front of the displaydevice 100. In operation, the optical window 26 in window plane 197 maybe provided at a window distance Zw that is typically equal to orgreater than the nominal viewing distance 480. The optical window 26 mayalternatively be referred to as an optical pupil, and the output of thedisplay 100 may be described as being pupillated. Advantageouslydesirable uniformity variation across the display 100 may be providedfor the user 45.

Referring to FIG. 9A, an on-axis observer 45, positioned centrally withrespect to the display 100, is aligned with optical axis 199 that isnormal to the display. Thus ray 450C dial is with a polar angle of zerodegrees from a central location point 470C is directed towards theprimary user 45 in the normal direction.

A first ray 450R propagating from point 470R on the right side of thedisplay 100, propagates at a first angle 453 relative to a normal 199 tothe display 100 towards the user 45. For a snooper 47, positioned at adistance away from the display 100 to the right side, for a second ray450 propagating from point 470L at the left edge of the display 100,towards the snooper 47, propagates at a second angle 457 relative to anormal 199 to the display 100.

As depicted, the first angle 453 and second angle 457 may becomparatively similar in size.

Referring to FIG. 9B, in a display device 100 with a large field of viewangle 460 to the primary user 45 in which the angle of the in-planecomponent of the liquid crystal in the plane of the retarder is uniformacross the display as illustrated in FIG. 9C, the luminance 463 of thepoint 470R on the display from which the ray 450R emanates at angle 453,for the user 45, may be undesirably the same or similar to the luminance467 for the snooper 47 for ray 456 at angle 457 from point 470L.

As illustrated in FIG. 9C, this further results in a luminance roll-offacross the display 100 wherein the luminance is at its brightest in thecentre of the display and reduces gradually towards a minimum at theedges of the display 100. The change in luminance across the display 100may be noticeable by an observer 45 which may not be desirable.

In comparison to the arrangement of FIG. 9C, it is generally desirablefor the ray 450R to be observable by the user 45 and the ray 450 to havelow luminance and high reflectivity for the snooper 47. Further it isdesirable that the luminance across at least part of the display device100 is provided with high uniformity to the user 45 at a nominal viewingdistance 480.

In the present embodiments the display 100 provides alignment of theadjacent liquid crystal material 414 with an in-plane component that isin the plane of the layer of liquid crystal material 314 and wherein theangle of said in-plane component of the alignment in the adjacent liquidcrystal material changes monotonically along the predetermined axisacross at least part of the display device 100. A different angulardependent luminance is achieved for different points 470C, 470R, 470Lacross at least part of the display. Accordingly, with an appropriatein-plane angle of the liquid crystal material 314 it may be possible forthe first ray 450R to have a luminance that is observable by the user45, and ray 456, which travels at a similar angle 457 to the angle 453of first ray 450R, to have a reduced luminance which is not observableby the snooper 47. This may be achieved across the entire width of thedisplay 100 by the liquid crystal material 314 adjacent the two surfacealignment layers 419A, 419B, having an in-plane component which has anangle which changes monotonically across an axis across at least part ofthe display device 100.

As can be seen, the luminance of the of the centre point on the displaydecreases from a maximum at 0° lateral angle to a minimum at around a45° lateral angle. Accordingly, an on-axis user will see a maximumluminance from the centre of the display device 100, whereas a snooper,i.e. an off-axis observer, positioned at a lateral angle of around 45°will see a minimum luminance from the centre of the display device 100.It may therefore be possible for the minimum luminance to besufficiently small that the snooper cannot observe the display device100.

The polar output of an illustrative embodiment will now be described.

FIGS. 10A-D are graphs illustrating the variation of luminance withpolar direction for the light output from a display device 100 of FIG.1A using the plural retarders of FIG. 5A for different points on thedisplay device for the left-side of the centre of the display with theangle 617L of in-plane component of the alignment of 90°, 85°, 80°, 70°respectively; and FIGS. 10E-H are graphs illustrating the variation ofluminance with polar direction for the light output from a displaydevice of FIG. 1A using the plural retarders of FIG. 5A for differentpoints on the display device for the right-side of the display with theangle 617R of in-plane component of the alignment of 90°, 95°, 100°,110° respectively.

The illustrative embodiments are provided for properties of TABLE 1.

TABLE 1 Passive retarder(s) Active LC retarder Δn.d/ Alignment Pretilt/Δn.d/ Voltage/ Type nm layers deg nm Δε V Crossed +565 a 45° Homogeneous2 750 13.2 2.5 A +565 a 135° Homogeneous 2

It would be further desirable to provide low reflectivity to the primaryuser 45 while providing high reflectivity to the snooper 47.

FIGS. 11A-D are graphs illustrating the variation of reflectivity withpolar direction for the light reflected from a display device of FIG. 1Ausing the plural retarders of FIG. 5A for different points on thedisplay device for the left-side of the centre of the display with theangle 617L of in-plane component of the alignment of 90°, 85°, 80°, 70°respectively; and FIGS. 11E-H arc graphs illustrating the variation ofreflectivity with polar direction for the light output from a displaydevice of FIG. 1A using the plural retarders of FIG. 5A for differentpoints on the display device for the right-side of the display with theangle 617R of in-plane component of the alignment of 90°, 95°, 100°,110° respectively.

Each graph shows the variation in luminance with polar direction fromthe axis 199, for a given point on the display 100. Each graph islabelled with the angle 617 of the alignment direction. Further theangle at which the luminance drops below a certain level, i.e. the angleat which a point is not visible for a snooper, varies across the widthof the display. This therefore means that for a given position of asnooper, different parts of the display will have different luminance.

Each of the profiles further illustrates the subtended angular size ofthe display for a primary user 45 as shown by polar outline 490. Theprofiles further illustrate the polar location 492 of the maximumluminance for zero elevation and the location 494 of the maximumluminance for the elevation of light at the top of the display device100 as seen by the user 45.

As the angle 617 varies from 90 degrees, the polar locations 492, 496 ofmaximum luminance shift in polar direction. As shown in the embodimentof FIG. 3A, the angles 617 vary with spatial location, and thus thedirection of peak luminance also varies with spatial position.Advantageously display luminance to the primary user 45 is increased.Further the reduction to the snooper is increased for points across atleast part of the display. Further the uniformity of luminance reductionto the snooper 47 is increased. Visual security level of the display isincreased.

FIGS. 11A-H illustrate the polar locations of the points 490, 492 ofFIG. 10A-H, and thus provide the reflectivity as seen by the primaryuser 45. Advantageously reflectivity to the primary user may be reducedand reflectivity to the snooper may be increased.

In combination, the minimum visual security level, VSL as seen by thesnooper 47 is increased for points across at least part of the displaydevice 100, and the uniformity of VSL may be increased.

Arrangements of alignment directions for planar and curve displays willnow be described.

FIG. 12A is a perspective view of a user 45 in front of a planar displaydevice 100 comprising a polar control retarder 300 comprising a liquidcrystal retarder 301 comprising alignment layer 417A. Features of thearrangement of FIG. 12A not discussed in further detail may be assumedto correspond to the features with equivalent reference numerals asdiscussed above, including any potential variations in the features.

In the embodiments herein wherein only one of the two alignment layers419A, 419B is illustrated then the other of the alignment layers that isnot shown may be arranged with corresponding alignment directions, forexample as illustrated in FIG. 5A, FIG. 5B, FIG. 16, FIG. 18A, FIG. 19A,FIG. 19C or FIG. 20B as illustrated elsewhere herein.

In FIG. 12A, the display device 100 has a planar structure such that itis flat. For every point on the display 100, an on-axis user 45 viewseach point at a different lateral and elevation angle as illustrated inFIG. 9A. As seen above in FIGS. 10A-H and FIGS. 11A-H, these anglesimpact the luminance and reflectivity for an on-axis observer for eachof the points.

Thus the different alignment directions 417ALp, 417ACp, 417Arp withorientation angles 617AL, 617AC, 617AR respectively are arranged toprovide variations in the direction of maximum luminance across theangular size of the display as described elsewhere herein.Advantageously the varying alignment directions achieve increaseduniformity across the display device 100 of both luminance andreflectivity as observed by the user 45 at viewing distance 480. Visualsecurity to off-axis snooper 47 is also increased.

In other words, in comparison to the arrangement of FIG. 9C, FIG. 12Aillustrates that the uniformity is increased by means of varying thepolar angle of the maximum luminance at different lateral locationsacross the display device 100.

An alternative arrangement for a curved display 100 will now bedescribed.

FIG. 12B is a perspective view of a user 45 in front of a curved displaydevice 100 comprising a polar control retarder 300 comprising a liquidcrystal retarder 301 comprising alignment layer 417A. The display device100 is curved about the y-axis and has a centre of curvature on the sameside of the display device 100 as the user 45. Features of thearrangement of FIG. 12B not discussed in further detail may be assumedto correspond to the features with equivalent reference numerals asdiscussed above, including any potential variations in the features.

In the alternative of FIG. 12B, wherein the display 100 comprises anarrangement such as illustrated in FIG. 1A the additional polariser 318Aand the at least one polar control retarder 300 are curved with aconcave curvature. The spatial light modulator 48 and backlight 20 isalso curved with a concave curvature.

FIG. 12B illustrates an alternative structure wherein the display device100 is curved. In such a case, the additional polariser 318, the atleast one polar control retarder 300 and optionally the spatial lightmodulator 48 are curved with a concave curvature. The other componentsof the device 100, as described above, may also be curved with a concavecurvature.

The curved display device 100 may further improve the luminance for anon-axis observer of the display device as the lateral angle forindividual points across the display may be reduced.

In this instance, the in-plane component of the liquid crystal material414 adjacent the alignment layers 419A, 419B, may not need to be aslarge to create the desired effect. The alignment directions 417ALp′,417ARp′ are different to the alignment directions 417ALp, 417ARp, thedeviations of angles 617AL′, 617AR′ from 90 degrees (that is thedirection orthogonal to the axis 500) being reduced. Advantageously theuniformity of the display may be increased and visibility of the displayto off-axis snoopers may be reduced.

FIG. 13A is a top view of a centre stack display for an automotivevehicle 650. Display 100 comprises a first part 101P that is providedwith modified alignment directions best suited to passenger that is user45 whereas second part 101D is provided with modified alignmentdirections best suited to driver that is user 47. In comparison to theembodiments illustrated elsewhere herein, the alternative of FIG. 13Aillustrates that the display 100 comprises first and second parts 101D,101P.

In comparison to the embodiment of FIG. 9A, the left part 101D of thedisplay 100 provides an optical window 26D in the region of the driver47 and the right part 101P of the display 100 provides an optical window26P in the region of the passenger 45. Advantageously uniformity ofluminance is increased for viewing of the part 101D by the driver 47 anduniformity is increased for viewing of the part 101P by the passenger45. Further uniformity of security factor is increased for viewing ofthe part 101P by the driver 47 and uniformity of security factor isincreased for viewing of the part 101D by the passenger 45.

In other embodiments (not shown), the first and second parts 101P, 101Dmay be interleaved, for example to provide a camouflage effect, forexample with features that are a few millimetres or less in width.Advantageously increased obscuration of image data may be provided.

FIG. 13B is a top view of an alignment layer 419A for the display 100 ofFIG. 13A comprising the arrangement of FIG. 1A and further comprisingfirst and second parts 101P, 101D. Features of the arrangement of FIG.13B not discussed in further detail may be assumed to correspond to thefeatures with equivalent reference numerals as discussed above,including any potential variations in the features.

Considering one alignment layer 417A of the pair of alignment layers419A, 419B, the angle 617DAL, 617DAC, 617DAR of said in-plane component417DALp, 417DACp, 417DARp of the alignment in the adjacent liquidcrystal material 414 changes monotonically along the predetermined axis500 across a first part 101D of the display device 100. The angle617PAL, 617PAC, 617PAR of said in-plane component 417PALp, 417PACp,417PARp of the alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material 404also changes monotonically along a predetermined axis across a secondpart of the display device.

Referring further to FIG. 13A, the angle 617D of said in-plane componentof the alignment 417Dp in the adjacent liquid crystal material 414changes monotonically along the predetermined axis 500 across the firstpart 101D of the display device 100 so that directions of maximum lighttransmission of the display polarizer 218, the additional polariser 318and said at least one polar control retarder 300 from points 470DL,470DC, 470DR of the first part of the display device 100 in are directedtowards a first common optical window 26D in front of the display device100, and the angle 617P of said in-plane component 417Pp of thealignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material 414 changesmonotonically along the predetermined axis 500 across the second part101P of the display device 100 so that directions of maximum lighttransmission of the display polarizer 218, the additional polariser 318and said at least one polar control retarder 300 from points of thesecond part 101P of the display device 100 are directed towards a secondcommon optical window 26P in front of the display device 100 differentfrom the first common optical window 26D.

FIG. 13B illustrates alignment layer 418A alignment directions 417PAlp,417PACp, 417PARp with angles 617PAL, 617PAC, 617PAR for the first part101P. Such an alignment advantageously achieves increased uniformityfrom the right side of the display 100 to the passenger user 45. FIG.13B further illustrates alignment layer 418A alignment directions417DALp, 417DACp, 417DARp with angles 617DAL, 617DAC, 617DAR for thesecond part 101D. Such an alignment advantageously achieves increaseduniformity from the right side of the display 100 to the driver user 47.

Thus for the two surface alignment layers 419A, 419B disposed adjacentto the layer of liquid crystal material 414 and on opposite sidesthereof, at least one of the surface alignment layers is arranged toprovide alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material with anin-plane component 417 that is in the plane of the layer 314 of liquidcrystal material 414, wherein the angle 617 of said in-plane componentof the alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material 414 changesmonotonically along the predetermined axis across a first part 101D ofthe display device 100 and changes monotonically along the predeterminedaxis across a second part 101D of the display device 100.

As shown in FIG. 13B, in this example in each of the first part 101D andthe second part 101P, the respective mean directions of the in-planecomponent of the alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material areat non-zero acute angles to the electric vector transmission directionsof the output polariser 218, the reflective polariser 302 and theadditional polariser 318.

An alternative switchable privacy display for off-axis display will nowbe described.

FIG. 13C is a top view of an alternative centre stack display 100 for anautomotive vehicle 650 comprising the display 100 of FIG. 1A with thereflective polariser 302 omitted and the polar control retarder of FIG.19A, hereinbelow. Features of the arrangement of FIG. 13C not discussedin further detail may be assumed to correspond to the features withequivalent reference numerals as discussed above, including anypotential variations in the features.

In comparison to the arrangement of FIG. 13A, in the alternative displayof FIG. 13C, a central privacy display is provided for use by thepassenger 45 and to provide image invisibility to the driver 47. Asingle optical window 26 is provided for the passenger 45.Advantageously image invisibility may be provided to the driver 47 whilethe passenger may view otherwise distracting content such asentertainment information.

FIG. 13D is a top view of an alignment layer 419A for the display ofFIG. 13C. Features of the arrangement of FIG. 13D not discussed infurther detail may be assumed to correspond to the features withequivalent reference numerals as discussed above, including anypotential variations in the features. In comparison to the embodiment ofFIG. 13B, the average angle 617DAL, 617DAC, 617DAR across the display100 is non-zero.

FIG. 13E is a schematic top view of the display device illustratingobservation viewing angles 450L, 450C, 450R of the display from points470L, 470C, 470R of FIG. 13C. Features of the arrangement of FIG. 13Enot discussed in further detail may be assumed to correspond to thefeatures with equivalent reference numerals as discussed above,including any potential variations in the features.

The angles 63L, 63 c, 63R of maximum transmission are all inclined toaxis 199 and are directed to the common optical window 20 that isoff-axis.

FIGS. 13F-H are graphs illustrating the variation of luminance withpolar direction for the light output from a display device of FIG. 13Cfrom different positions across the display 100. Advantageously uniformluminance may be provided to the passenger 45 at the window 26 anduniform security factor may be provided to the driver 47, reducingvisibility of distracting image data.

Arrangements of alignment directions for tiled displays will now bedescribed.

FIG. 14A and FIG. 14B are top and perspective views, respectively, of apair of tiled display devices 100 that are angled with respect to eachother such that the user 45 is aligned to the optical axis 199A, 199Bfor the centre of each respective display device 100A, 100B. Features ofthe arrangements of FIGS. 14A-B not discussed in further detail may beassumed to correspond to the features with equivalent reference numeralsas discussed above, including any potential variations in the features.

The direction of ray 450LA from display 100A is parallel to ray 450RBfrom display 100B. The arrangement of alignment directions 417RA, 417CA,417LA may be the same as the arrangement 417RB, 417CB, 417LB.Advantageously the same alignment may be used for both displays and costis reduced.

FIG. 15A and FIG. 15B are top and perspective views, respectively, of apair of tiled display devices 100 that are in-plane with respect to eachother.

In comparison to the arrangement of FIGS. 15A-B different arrangementsof alignment layers 419 are used for display devices 100A, 100B.

As is apparent from FIG. 15A, a user 45 may no longer be arrangedon-axis with the centre of each display. Instead, the user may,approximately, be positioned on-axis with an edge of each display.Accordingly, as shown in FIG. 15B, at least the alignment layer 419B maybe arranged to provide alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material414 which differs to that for a display 100 which is viewed with a useron-axis with the centre of the display 100, for example as shown in FIG.3A. The alignment in this arrangement of the display 100 may be arrangedsuch that the luminance appears uniform for points across at least partof the display, despite the observer 45 not being arranged on-axis withthe centre of the display 100.

A further illustrative embodiment will now be described.

FIG. 16 is a perspective view of a polar control retarder 300 that maybe applied in the display device 100 seen in FIG. 1A. The polar controlretarder 300 comprises a homogeneously aligned switchable LC retarder301. This is shown by the aligned directions 417A, 417B on theelectrodes 413, 415. The polar control retarder 300 further comprises apassive polar control retarder provided by a negative C-plate retarder330. The negative C-plate has an optical axis perpendicular to the planeof the retarder 330, illustrated schematically by the orientation of thediscotic material 430.

Features of the arrangement of FIG. 16 not discussed in further detailmay be assumed to correspond to the features with equivalent referencenumerals as discussed above, including any potential variations in thefeatures.

FIGS. 17A-C are graphs illustrating the variation of luminance withpolar direction for the light output from a display device of FIG. 1Ausing the plural retarders of FIG. 16 for different points on thedisplay device with the angle of in-plane component of the alignment of80°, 90°, 100° respectively; and FIGS. 17D-F are graphs illustrating thevariation of reflectivity with polar direction for the light output froma display device of FIG. 1A using the plural retarders of FIG. 16 fordifferent points on the display device with the angle of in-planecomponent of the alignment of 80°, 90°, 100° respectively.

The profiles of FIGS. 17A-F are provided for the properties of TABLE 2.

TABLE 2 Passive retarder(s) Active LC retarder Δn.d/ Alignment Pretilt/Δn.d/ Voltage/ Type nm layers deg nm Δε V C-plate −700 Homogeneous 2 75013.2 2.3 Homogeneous 2

Advantageously thickness and cost may be reduced in comparison to theembodiment of FIG. 5A.

FIG. 18A is perspective views of polar control retarders 300 that may beapplied in FIG. 1, comprising a homeotropically aligned switchable LCretarder and negative C-plate retarder in privacy mode of operation; andFIG. 18B is a graph of the LC director angle 407 of the homeotropicallyaligned switchable LC 414 in FIGS. 17D and 17E through its thickness,shown as the fraction 440 through LC retarder 301. The polar controlretarder 300 comprises a homeotropically aligned switchable LC retarder301 and negative C-plate retarder 330. Features of the arrangement ofFIG. 18A not discussed in further detail may be assumed to correspond tothe features with equivalent reference numerals as discussed above,including any potential variations in the features.

In comparison to the homogeneous alignment of FIGS. 5A-B, FIG. 18Aillustrates that the homeotropically aligned switchable LC retarder 301has two surface alignment layers 419A, 419B, each having alignmentdirections 417AL, 417AC, 417AR, 417BL, 417BC, 417BR which providehomeotropic alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material 414 with apre-tilt providing the in-plane component, albeit that these in-planecomponents 417ALp, 417ACp, 417ARp and 417BLp, 417BCp, 417BRp arerelatively small in magnitude, and the pretilt components 417ALz,417ACz, 417ARz and 417BLz, 417BCz, 417BRz that are out of the plane arerelatively large in magnitude.

FIG. 18B illustrates the LC director angle 407 shown by profile 444 whena drive voltage is applied, and profile 442 illustrates the LC directorangle 407 when no voltage is applied. Tins graph illustrates how when adrive voltage is applied the liquid crystal material 414 has a varyingdirector angle 407 through the thickness of the layer 314 and when novoltage is applied, the liquid crystal material 414 has a constant LCdirector angle of close to but not exactly 90°.

In comparison to the homogeneous liquid crystal embodiments of FIG. 5Aand FIG. 16, the liquid crystal material 414 may provide wide viewingangle with no applied voltage. The homeotropic alignment at thealignment layers 419 may be arranged with a small pretilt as illustratedby profile 442, such that there remains a preferred alignment direction617 arrangement within the layer 314, and thus the molecules 414 areprovided with a preferred orientation within the layer that varies inthe predetermined direction 500.

FIG. 19A is perspective views of polar control retarders 300 that may beapplied in FIG. 1, comprising a homeotropically and homogeneouslyaligned switchable LC retarder 301 and a negative C-plate retarder andwherein the alignment direction of the homeotropic alignment layer 419Ais common across the lateral direction and wherein the alignmentdirection of the homogeneous alignment layer 419B varies across thelateral direction. Features of the arrangements of FIG. 19A notdiscussed in further detail may be assumed to correspond to the featureswith equivalent reference numerals as discussed above, including anypotential variations in the features. An exemplary embodiment isillustrated in TABLE 6.

TABLE 6 Passive polar control retarder(s) Active LC retarder Mode TypeΔn.d/nm Alignment layers Pretilt/deg Δn.d/nm Δε Voltage/V PublicNegative −1100 Homogeneous 2 1300 +4.3 15.0 Privacy C Homeotropic 88 2 8

In the alternative embodiment of FIG. 19A, one of the surface alignmentlayers 419B is arranged to provide homogeneous alignment in the adjacentliquid crystal material 414, wherein the angle 617BL, 617BC, 617BR ofsaid in-plane component of the alignment in the liquid crystal material414 adjacent to said one of the surface alignment layers 419B changesmonotonically along the predetermined axis 500 across at least part ofthe display device 100, and the other of the surface alignment layers419A is arranged to provide homeotropic alignment in the adjacent liquidcrystal material 414, wherein the angle 617A of said in-plane componentof the alignment in the liquid crystal material adjacent to said otherof the surface alignment layers 619A does not change along thepredetermined axis 500 across at least part of the display device 100.

When the surface alignment layer 419 a arranged to provide homeotropicalignment is between the layer 314 of liquid crystal material 414 andthe polar control retarder 330, the liquid crystal retarder 301 has aretardance for light of a wavelength of 550 nm in a range from 500 nm to1800 nm, preferably in a range from 700 nm to 1500 nm and mostpreferably in a range from 900 nm to 1350 nm. The polar control retarder300 may further comprise a passive polar control retarder 330 having itsoptical axis perpendicular to the plane of the retarder 330, the passivepolar control retarder 330 loving a retardance for light of a wavelengthof 550 nm in a range from −300 nm to −1600 nm, preferably in a rangefrom −500 nm to −1300 nm and most preferably in a range from −700 nm to−1150 nm; or the retarder 330 may further comprise a pair of passiveretarders which have optical axes in the plane of the retarders that arecrossed, each retarder of the pair of retarders having a retardance forlight of a wavelength of 550 nm in a range from 400 nm to 1600 nm,preferably in a range from 600 nm to 1400 nm and most preferably in arange from 800 nm to 1300 nm.

FIG. 19A illustrates that the aligned switchable LC retarder 301 has asurface alignment layer 419A, having alignment direction 417A whichprovides homogeneous alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material414 and having alignment direction 417B which provides homeotropicalignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material 414 with a pre-tiltproviding the in-plane component. FIG. 19A further illustrates that thehomeotropic alignment layer 419A is arranged between the passiveretarder 330 and the liquid crystal retarder 301.

In comparison to the embodiments of FIGS. 5A-B and FIG. 18A, thehomeotropic alignment layer has an alignment direction that is common inthe direction parallel to the axis 500. Further, as the components417ALp, 417ACp and 417ARp are small, then the effect of the respectivealignment layers 417ALp, 417BLp and 417Arp, 417BRp not being parallel oranti-parallel is small. The pupillation of the output, that isredirection of the direction of maximum transmission is thus mostlyattributed to the homogeneous alignment layer and desirable pupillationof output is achieved. Advantageously the alignment layer 417A hasreduced cost and complexity.

FIG. 19B is a graph of the LC director angle of the homeotropically andhomogeneously aligned switchable LC in FIG. 19A through its thickness440.

FIG. 19B illustrates the LC director angle 407 shown by profile 444 whena drive voltage is applied, and profile 442 illustrates the LC directorangle 407 when no voltage is applied. This graph illustrates how when adrive voltage is applied the liquid crystal material 414 has anon-linear variation of director angle 407 through the thickness of thelayer 314 and when no voltage is applied, the liquid crystal material414 has a constantly varying LC director angle.

In comparison to the arrangement of FIG. 18A, the arrangement of FIG.19A may provide increased polar area for desirable visual securitylevel. Advantageously privacy performance and uniformity may be improvedfor off-axis snoopers.

FIG. 19C is perspective views of polar control retarders 300 dun may beapplied in FIG. 1, comprising a homeotropically and homogeneouslyaligned switchable LC retarder 301 arranged between negative C-plateretarders 330A, 330B and wherein the alignment directions of thehomogeneous alignment layer and homeotropic alignment layer each variesacross the lateral direction. Features of the arrangement of FIG. 19Cnot discussed in further detail may be assumed to correspond to thefeatures with equivalent reference numerals as discussed above,including any potential variations in the features.

FIG. 19C illustrates an alternative to FIG. 19A wherein the alignmentlayers 417A, 417B may be formed on passive retarders 330A, 330B,advantageously achieving reduced cost and thickness.

FIG. 19C illustrates another alternative to FIG. 19A wherein bothalignment layers 417A, 417B have in-plane orientations that varymonotonically along the direction of the axis 500. Advantageouslyincreased transmission efficiency may be achieved for off-centrelocations of the display.

Stacked plural retarders and additional polarisers comprising alignmentlayers with alignment that changes monotonically will now be described.

FIG. 20A is a side perspective view of a display device 100 that ismodified compared to the display device 100 of FIG. 1A; and FIG. 20B iss a perspective view of two sets of polar control retarders 300, 300Athat may be applied in FIG. 1, each comprising a homogeneously alignedswitchablc LC retarder 301, 301A and negative C-plate retarder 330,330A. Features of the arrangements of FIGS. 20A-B not discussed infurther detail may be assumed to correspond to the features withequivalent reference numerals as discussed above, particularly withreference to FIG. 1, including any potential variations in the features.

In comparison to the arrangement of FIG. 1A, the display device 100comprises a further additional polariser 318B arranged on the input sideof the input polariser 210 which is arranged on the input side of theSLM 48. As mentioned previously, the input polariser 210 is a linearpolariser.

The polar control retarders 300 of FIG. 1 may be provided by respectivepolar control retarders 300A of FIG. 20A.

The display device 100 thus comprises polar control retarder 300A whichis arranged between the output polariser 218 (and reflective polariser302) and the additional polariser 318A.

The at least one polar control retarder 300A includes a liquid crystalretarder 301A which comprises a layer of liquid crystal material 314Aand two surface alignment layers 419AA, 419AB disposed adjacent to thelayer of liquid crystal material 314A and on opposite sides thereof. Atleast one of the surface alignment layers 419AA, 419AB is arranged toprovide alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material 314A with anin-plane component that is in the plane of the layer of liquid crystalmaterial 314A. The angle 617AA of said in-plane component of thealignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material 314A changesmonotonically along the predetermined axis 500 across at least part ofthe display device 100. This is illustrated in FIG. 20A by the arrows417ALp, 417ACp, 417ARp which show the in-plane component of thealignment layer 419AA, which determines the in-plane component of thealignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material 314A.

The display device 100 also comprises at least one further polar controlretarder 300B which is arranged between the input polariser 210 and thefurther additional polariser 318B. The at least one further polarcontrol retarder includes a liquid crystal retarder 301B which comprisesa layer of liquid crystal material 314B and two surface alignment lasers419BA, 419BB disposed adjacent to the layer of liquid crystal material314B and on opposite sides thereof. At least one of the surfacealignment layers 419BA, 419BB is arranged to provide alignment in theadjacent liquid crystal material 314B with an in-plane component that isin the plane of the layer of liquid crystal material 314B. The angle617BA of said in-plane component 417BA of the alignment in the adjacentliquid crystal material 314B changes monotonically along thepredetermined axis across at least part of the display device 100. Thisis illustrated in FIG. 20A by the arrows 417BLp, 417BCp, 417BRp whichshow the in-plane component of the alignment layer 419BA, whichdetermines the in-plane component of the alignment in the adjacentliquid crystal material 314B. As mentioned above, the use of two polarcontrol retarders 300A, 300B may make it possible to further reduce theluminance for off-axis snoopers through the multiplicative effect of thereduction in luminance achieved by each of the polar control retarders300, 300A.

The polar control retarder 300A, 300B are identical to the polar controlretarder 300 seen in FIG. 19A. As depicted, it may be possible to applya voltage V to the polar control retarder 300A and a voltage V_(A) tothe further polar control retarder 300A. The polar control retarder300A, 300B may have the same or different prescription for properties ofretarders 301A, 330A and 301B, 330B. Different prescriptions may providecontrol of different polar viewing angles. Advantageously uniformity ofprivacy image to the primary user and uniformity of visual security tooff-axis snoopers may be increased.

In alternative embodiments of FIGS. 20A-B, both polar control retarders300A, 300B may be arranged on the input side of a transmissive spatiallight modulator 48 or both polar control retarders 300A, 300B may bearranged on the output side of a transmissive spatial light modulator 48or on the output side of an emissive spatial light modulator 48.

FIG. 21 is a side view of an apparatus 600 for manufacturing a surfacealignment layer 419, for example the alignment layer 419A, 419Bdescribed above, having a varying angle of alignment across its area.The apparatus 600 comprises a rotating roller 602 configured totranslate a substrate 604 with an alignment layer 419 thereon. Theapparatus 600 further comprises a light source 606 such as anultra-violet light source arranged to provide a beam of light 607towards the alignment layer 419. Arranged in the optical path of thelight source 606 is a polariser 608 and a mask 610. The mask 610 servesto only allow the light beam 607 to be incident on a desired portion 605of the alignment layer 419. The apparatus further comprises a controller612 operatively connected to a means 610 to rotate the polarisation 603from the polariser 608 and the roller 602. The polariser 608 may be alinear polariser that is physically rotated or may comprise a fixedlinear polariser and a controllable retarder.

Operation of the apparatus 600 will now be described. In use, the roller602 may translate the substrate 604, and hence the alignment layer 419,relative to the light source 606 and mask 610 such that the light beam607 can be incident on different portions of the alignment layer 419that may be a photoalignment layer. As the roller 602 moves thesubstrate 604, the polariser 608 may simultaneously be controlled suchthat the beam of light 607 incident on the alignment layer 419 has adesired polarisation direction 603. The portion of the alignment layer419 illuminated by the beam of light may align based on the polarisationof the incident beam of light 607. The beam of light 607 may also curethe alignment layer 419. Through control of the polariser 608orientation to change the polarisation direction 603 of the beam oflight 607 as the roller 602 moves the substrate 604, it may be possibleto illuminate the alignment layer 419 with different polarisationdirections 603 at different portions of the alignment layer 419, andthus change the angle of alignment along the alignment layer 419.Through appropriate control, it may be possible to achieve amonotonically varying in-plane angle of alignment of material in thealignment layer 419. Whilst a roller 602 is described above, any othersuitable means may be provided for causing relative movement between thebeam of light 607 and the alignment layer 419. For example, the lightsource 606 may be movably mounted to scan the beam of light 607 over thesurface layer 419.

FIG. 22 is front view illustrating the mask 610, of the apparatus 600,seen in FIG. 21 over different portions 605, 605R of the alignment layer419, and the polarisation direction 603, 603R of the beam of light 607at those corresponding portions. Double ended arrows 419, 419Rillustrate the direction of alignment in the alignment layer 419 withthe light 607, at the different portions of the alignment layer 419. Asshown in FIG. 22 by the arrows 417, 417R, the material of the alignmentlayer aligns at 90°, i.e. perpendicular, to the polarisation direction603, 603R of the incident light. The beam of light 607 may also bedirected at an angle to the plane of the alignment layer 419 in order toachieve a pre-tilt of the material in the alignment layer 419.

FIG. 23A is a schematic diagram illustrating in perspective viewillumination of a polar control retarder 630 layer by off-axis light.Polar control retarder 630 may comprise birefringent material,represented by refractive index ellipsoid 632 with optical axisdirection 634 at 0 degrees to the x-axis, and have a thickness 631. Thepolar control retarder 630 is representative of any of the passive orswitchable retarders described above having a homogeneous alignment.Features of the arrangements of FIGS. 23A-25E below that are notdiscussed in further detail may be assumed to correspond to the featureswith equivalent reference numerals as discussed above, including anypotential variations in the features.

Normal light rays 636 propagate so that the path length in the materialis the same as the thickness 631. Light rays 637 are in the y-z planehave an increased path length; however the retardance of the material issubstantially the same as the rays 636. By way of comparison light rays638 that are in the x-z plane have an increased path length in thebirefringent material and further the retardance is different to thenormal ray 636.

The retardance of the polar control retarder 630 is thus dependent onthe angle of incidence of the respective ray, and also the plane ofincidence, that is rays 638 in the x-z will have a retardance differentfrom the normal rays 636 and the rays 637 in the y-z plane.

The interaction of polarized light with the polar control retarder 630will now be described. To distinguish from the first and secondpolarization components during operation in a directional backlight 20,the following explanation will refer to third and fourth polarizationcomponents.

FIG. 23B is a schematic diagram illustrating in perspective viewillumination of a polar control retarder layer by off-axis light of athird linear polarization state at 90 degrees to the x-axis and FIG. 23Cis a schematic diagram illustrating in perspective view illumination ofa polar control retarder layer by off-axis light of a fourth linearpolarization state at 0 degrees to the x-axis. In such arrangements, theincident linear polarization states are aligned to the optical axes ofthe birefringent material, represented by ellipse 632. Consequently, nophase difference between the third and fourth orthogonal polarizationcomponents is provided, and there is no resultant change of thepolarization state of the linearly polarized input for each ray 636,637, 638. Thus, the polar control retarder 630 introduces no phase shiftto polarisation components of light passed by the polariser on the inputside of the polar control retarder 630 along an axis along a normal tothe plane of the polar control retarder 630. Accordingly, the polarcontrol retarder 630, and the polarisers (not shown) on each side of thepolar control retarder 630, do not affect the luminance of light passingtherethrough. Although FIGS. 23A-C relate specifically to a polarcontrol retarder 630 that which is passive, a similar effect is achievedby the polar control retarders in the devices described above.

FIG. 23D is a schematic diagram illustrating in perspective viewillumination of a polar control retarder 630 layer by off-axis light ofa linear polarization state at 45 degrees. The linear polarization statemay be resolved into third and fourth polarization components that arerespectively orthogonal and parallel to optical axis 634 direction. Thepolar control retarder thickness 631 and material retardance representedby refractive index ellipsoid 632 may provide a net effect of relativelyshifting the phase of the third and fourth polarization componentsincident thereon in a normal direction represented by ray 636 by half awavelength, for a design wavelength. The design wavelength may forexample be in the range of 500 to 550 nm.

At the design wavelength and for light propagating normally along ray636 then the output polarization may be rotated by 90 degrees to alinear polarization state 640 at −45 degrees. Light propagating alongray 637 may see a phase difference that is similar but not identical tothe phase difference along ray 636 due to the change in thickness, andthus an elliptical polarization state 639 may be output which may have amajor axis similar to the linear polarization axis of the output lightfor ray 636.

By way of contrast, the phase difference for the incident linearpolarization state along ray 638 may be significantly different, inparticular a lower phase difference may be provided. Such phasedifference may provide an output polarization state 644 that issubstantially circular at a given inclination angle 642. Thus, the polarcontrol retarder 630 introduces a phase shift to polarisation componentsof light passed by the polariser on the input side of the polar controlretarder 630 along an axis corresponding to ray 638 that is inclined toa normal to the plane of the polar control retarder 630. Although FIG.23D relates to the polar control retarder 630 that is passive, a similareffect is achieved by the polar control retarders described above, in aswitchable state of the switchable liquid crystal polar control retardercorresponding to the privacy mode.

To illustrate the off-axis behaviour of polar control retarder stacks,the angular luminance control of C-plates for example C-plate 330,between the additional polariser 318 and the output display polariser218, or C-plate 330A, will now be described for various off-axisillumination arrangements with reference to the operation of a C-platebetween the parallel polarisers 500, 210 will now be described.

FIG. 24A is a schematic diagram illustrating in perspective viewillumination of a C-plate layer by off-axis polarised light 638 with apositive elevation. Incident linear polarisation component 704, achievedby polariser 500 with electric vector transmission direction 501, isincident onto the birefringent material 561 of the polar controlretarder 560 that is a C-plate with optical axis direction 507 that isperpendicular to the plane of the polar control retarder 560.Polarisation component 704 sees no net phase difference on transmissionthrough the liquid crystal molecule and so the output polarisationcomponent is the same as component 704. Thus a maximum transmission isseen through the polariser 210 as the polarisation direction is parallelto the electric vector transmission direction 211. The same is also truefor the incident light 636 which travels at a zero lateral and zeroelevation angle. Thus the polar control retarder 560 has an optical axis507 perpendicular to the plane of the polar control retarder 560, thatis the x-y plane. The polar control retarder 560 having an optical axis507 perpendicular to the plane of the polar control retarder comprises aC-plate.

FIG. 24B is a schematic diagram illustrating in perspective viewillumination of a C-plate layer by off-axis polarised light with anegative lateral angle. As with the arrangement of FIG. 24A,polarisation state 704 sees no net phase difference and is transmittedwith maximum luminance. Thus, the polar control retarder 560 introducesno phase shift to polarisation components of light passed by thepolariser on the input side of the polar control retarder 560 along anaxis along a normal to the plane of the polar control retarder 560.Accordingly, the polar control retarder 560 does not affect theluminance of light passing through the polar control retarder 560 andpolarisers 500, 210 on each side of the polar control retarder 560.

FIG. 24C is a schematic diagram illustrating in perspective viewillumination of a C-plate layer by off-axis polarised light with apositive elevation and negative lateral angle. In comparison to thearrangement of FIGS. 24A-B, the polarisation state 704 resolves ontoeigenstates 703, 705 with respect to the birefringent material 561providing a net phase difference on transmission through the polarcontrol retarder 560. The resultant elliptical polarisation component656 is transmitted through polariser 210 with reduced luminance incomparison to the rays illustrated in FIGS. 24A-B. Although FIGS. 24A-Crelate specifically to the polar control retarder 560 that is passive, asimilar effect is achieved by the polar control retarders in the devicesdescribed above.

FIG. 24D is a schematic diagram illustrating in perspective viewillumination of a C-plate layer by off-axis polarised light with apositive elevation and positive lateral angle. In a similar manner toFIG. 24C, the polarisation component 704 is resolved into eigenstates703, 705 that undergo a net phase difference, and ellipticalpolarisation component 660 is provided, which after transmission throughthe polariser reduces the luminance of the respective off-axis ray.Thus, the polar control retarder 560 introduces a phase shift topolarisation components of light passed by the polariser on the inputside of the polar control retarder 560 along an axis that is inclined toa normal to the plane of the polar control retarder 560. Although FIG.24D relates to the polar control retarder 560 that is passive, a similareffect is achieved by the polar control retarders described above, in aswitchable state of the switchable liquid crystal polar control retardercorresponding to the privacy mode.

FIG. 24E is a schematic graph illustrating the variation or outputtransmission with polar direction for transmitted light rays in FIGS.24A-D. Thus, the C-plate may provide luminance reduction in polarquadrants. In combination with switchable liquid crystal retarder 301described elsewhere herein, this may achieve: (i) removal of luminancereduction of the C-plate in a first wide angle state of operation and(ii) extended polar region for luminance reduction may be achieved in asecond privacy state of operation.

To illustrate the off-axis behaviour of polar control retarder slacks,the angular luminance control of crossed A-plates 308A, 308B between anadditional polariser 318 and output display polariser 218 will now bedescribed for various off-axis illumination arrangements.

FIG. 25A is a schematic diagram illustrating in perspective viewillumination of crossed A-plate retarder layers by off-axis polarisedlight with a positive elevation. Linear polariser 218 with electricvector transmission direction 219 is used to provide a linearpolarisation state 704 that is parallel to the lateral direction ontofirst A-plate 308A of the crossed A-plates 308A, 308B. The first A-plate308A may comprise birefringent material, represented by refractive indexellipsoid 408 with optical axis direction 309A is inclined at +45degrees to the lateral direction. The first A-plate 308A has a firstthickness 531. The retardance of the polar control retarder 308A for theoff-axis angle θ₁ in the positive elevation direction provides aresultant polarisation component 650 that is generally elliptical onoutput. Polarisation component 650 is incident onto the second A-plate308B of the crossed A-plates 308A, 308B. The second A-plate 308A maycomprise birefringent material, represented by refractive indexellipsoid 410 with has an optical axis direction 309B that is orthogonalto the optical axis direction 309A of the first A-plate 330A. The secondA-plate 308B has a second thickness 533. The first thickness 531 andsecond thickness 533 may be the same or different. In the plane ofincidence of FIG. 25, the retardance of the first A-plate 308A for theoff-axis angle θ₁ is equal and opposite to the retardance of the firstA-plate 308A. Thus a net zero retardation is provided for the incidentpolarisation component 704 and the output polarisation component is thesame as the input polarisation component 704. The same is also true forray 636 which has zero lateral and zero elevation angle.

The output polarisation component is aligned to the electric vectortransmission direction of the additional polariser 318, and thus istransmitted efficiently. Advantageously substantially no losses areprovided for light rays that have zero lateral angle angular componentso that full transmission efficiency is achieved.

FIG. 25B is a schematic diagram illustrating in perspective viewillumination of crossed A-plate retarder layers 308A, 308B, seen in FIG.25A, by off-axis polarised light with a negative lateral angle. Thus thelinear input polarisation component 704 is converted by the firstA-plate 308A to an intermediate polarisation component 652 that isgenerally an elliptical polarisation state. The second A-plate 308Bagain provides an equal and opposite retardation to the first A-plate308A so that the output polarisation component 704 is the same as theinput polarisation component 704 and light is efficiently transmittedthrough the polariser 318.

Thus the polar control retarder comprises a pair of retarders 308A, 309Bwhich have optical axes 309A, 309B in the plane of the retarders 330A,330B that are crossed, that is the x-y plane in the present embodiments.The pair of retarders 308A, 308B have optical axes 309A, 309B that eachextend at 45° with respect to an electric vector transmission directionthat is parallel to the electric vector transmission of the polariser318.

Advantageously substantially no losses are provided for light rays thathave zero elevation angular component so that full transmissionefficiency is achieved.

FIG. 25C is a schematic diagram illustrating in perspective viewillumination of crossed A-plate retarder layers by off-axis polarisedlight with a positive elevation and negative lateral angle. Polarisationcomponent 704 is converted to an elliptical polarisation component 654by first A-plate 308A. A resultant elliptical component 656 is outputfrom the second A-plate 308B. Elliptical component 656 is analysed byinput polariser 318 with reduced luminance in comparison to the inputluminance of the first polarisation component 704.

FIG. 25D is a schematic diagram illustrating in perspective viewillumination of crossed A-plate retarder layers 308A, 308B by off-axispolarised light with a positive elevation and positive lateral angle.Polarisation components 658 and 660 are provided by first and secondA-plates 308A. 308B as net retardance of the first and second A-plates308A, 308B does not provide compensation.

Thus luminance is reduced for light rays that have non-zero lateralangle and non-zero elevation components. Advantageously display privacycan be increased for snoopers that are arranged in viewing quadrantswhile luminous efficiency for primary display users is not substantiallyreduced.

FIG. 25E is a schematic graph illustrating the variation of outputtransmission with polar direction for transmitted light rays in FIGS.25A-D. In comparison to the arrangement of FIG. 24E, the area ofluminance reduction is increased for off-axis viewing. However, theswitchable liquid crystal layer 314 may provide reduced uniformity incomparison to the C-plate arrangements for off-axis viewing in the firstpublic mode state of operation.

While various embodiments in accordance with the principles disclosedherein have been described above, it should be understood that they havebeen presented by way of example only, and not limitation. Thus, thebreadth and scope of this disclosure should not be limited by any of theabove-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only inaccordance with any claims and their equivalents issuing from thisdisclosure. Furthermore, the above advantages and features are providedin described embodiments, but shall not limit the application of suchissued claims to processes and structures accomplishing any or all ofthe above advantages.

Additionally, the section headings herein are provided for consistencywith the suggestions under 37 CFR 1.77 or otherwise to provideorganizational cues. These headings shall not limit or characterize theembodiment(s) set out in any claims that may issue from this disclosure.Specifically and by way of example, although the headings refer to a“Technical Field,” the claims should not be limited by the languagechosen under this heading to describe the so-called field. Further, adescription of a technology in the “Background” is not to be construedas an admission that certain technology is prior art to anyembodiment(s) in this disclosure. Neither is the “Summary” to beconsidered as a characterization of the embodiment(s) set forth inissued claims. Furthermore, any reference in this disclosure to“invention” in the singular should not be used to argue that there isonly a single point of novelty in this disclosure. Multiple embodimentsmay be set forth according to the limitations of the multiple claimsissuing from this disclosure, and such claims accordingly define theembodiment(s), and their equivalents, that are protected thereby. In allinstances, the scope of such claims shall be considered on their ownmerits in light of this disclosure, but should not be constrained by theheadings set forth herein.

1. A display device comprising: a spatial light modulator; a displaypolariser arranged on a side of the spatial light modulator, the displaypolariser being a linear polariser; an additional polariser arranged onthe same side of the spatial light modulator as the display polariser,the additional polariser being a linear polariser; and at least onepolar control retarder arranged between the additional polariser and thedisplay polariser, the at least one polar control retarder includes aliquid crystal retarder comprising: a layer of liquid crystal material;and two surface alignment layers disposed adjacent to the layer ofliquid crystal material and on opposite sides thereof, at least one ofthe surface alignment layers being arranged to provide alignment in theadjacent liquid crystal material with an in-plane component that is inthe plane of the layer of liquid crystal material, wherein the angle ofsaid in-plane component of the alignment in the adjacent liquid crystalmaterial changes monotonically along a predetermined axis across atleast part of the display device.
 2. A display device according to claim1, wherein the angle of said in-plane component of the alignment in theadjacent liquid crystal material changes monotonically along thepredetermined axis across at least part of the display device and doesnot change along further axes perpendicular to the predetermined axis.3. A display device according to claim 1, wherein the angle of saidin-plane component of the alignment in the adjacent liquid crystalmaterial changes monotonically along the predetermined axis across atleast part of the display device and also changes along a further axisperpendicular to the predetermined axis.
 4. A display device accordingto any one of the preceding claims, wherein said in-plane component ofthe alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material has a meandirection that is parallel or orthogonal to the electric vectortransmission directions of at least one of the display polariser and theadditional polariser.
 5. A display device according to claim 4, whereinsaid display polariser and the additional polariser have electric vectortransmission directions that are parallel.
 6. A display device accordingto any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least one of the surfacealignment layers is arranged to provide homogenous alignment in theadjacent liquid crystal material.
 7. A display device according to claim6, wherein each of the surface alignment layers is arranged to providehomogenous alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material.
 8. Adisplay device according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein at leastone of the surface alignment layers is arranged to provide homeotropicalignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material with a pretiltproviding said in-plane component.
 9. A display device according to anyone of claims 1 to 3, wherein one of the surface alignment layers isarranged to provide homogeneous alignment in the adjacent liquid crystalmaterial, wherein the angle of said in-plane component of the alignmentin the liquid crystal material adjacent to said one of the surfacealignment layers changes monotonically along the predetermined axisacross at least part of the display device, and the other of the surfacealignment layers is arranged to provide homeotropic alignment in theadjacent liquid crystal material, wherein the angle of said in-planecomponent of the alignment in the liquid crystal material adjacent tosaid other of the surface alignment layers does not change along thepredetermined axis across at least part of the display device.
 10. Adisplay device according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein each ofthe surface alignment layers is arranged to provide alignment in theadjacent liquid crystal material with respective in-plane componentsthat are in the plane of the layer of liquid crystal material, whereinthe angles of said in-plane components of the alignment in the adjacentliquid crystal material changes monotonically along the predeterminedaxis across at least part of the display device.
 11. A display deviceaccording to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the angle of saidin-plane component of the alignment in the adjacent liquid crystalmaterial changes monotonically along the predetermined axis across atleast part of the display device so that directions of maximum lighttransmission of the display polarizer, the additional polariser and saidat least one polar control retarder from points of said at least part ofthe display device are directed towards a common optical window in frontof the display device.
 12. A display device according to any one of thepreceding claims, wherein the angle of said in-plane component of thealignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material changes monotonicallyalong a predetermined axis across the entire display device.
 13. Adisplay device according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the angleof said in-plane component of the alignment in the adjacent liquidcrystal material changes monotonically along a predetermined axis acrossa first part of the display device.
 14. A display device according toclaim 13, wherein the angle of said in-plane component of the alignmentin the adjacent liquid crystal material also changes monotonically alonga predetermined axis across a second part of the display device.
 15. Adisplay device according to claim 14, wherein the angle of said in-planecomponent of the alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal materialchanges monotonically along the predetermined axis across the first partof the display device so that directions of maximum light transmissionof the display polarizer, the additional polariser and said at least onepolar control retarder from points of the first part of the displaydevice in are directed towards a first common optical window in front ofthe display device, and the angle of said in-plane component of thealignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material changes monotonicallyalong the predetermined axis across the second part of the displaydevice so that directions of maximum light transmission of the displaypolarizer, the additional polariser and said at least one polar controlretarder from points of the second part of the display device aredirected towards a second common optical window in front of the displaydevice different from the first common optical window.
 16. A displaydevice according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein theadditional polariser and the at least one polar control retarder arecurved with a concave curvature.
 17. A display device according to claim16, wherein the spatial light modulator is curved with a concavecurvature. cm
 18. A display device according to any one of the precedingclaims, wherein the liquid crystal retarder is a switchablc liquidcrystal retarder further comprising electrodes arranged to apply avoltage for controlling the liquid crystal layer.
 19. A display deviceaccording to claim 18, further comprising a control system arranged tocontrol the voltage applied to the electrodes of the switchable liquidcrystal retarder.
 20. A display device according to claim 18 or 19,wherein the at least one polar control retarder further comprises atleast one passive compensation retarder.
 21. A display device accordingto any one of the preceding claims, wherein the spatial light modulatoris an emissive spatial light modulator and the display polariser is anoutput polariser arranged on an output side of the emissive spatiallight modulator.
 22. A display device according to any one of claims 1to 20, wherein the spatial light modulator is a transmissive spatiallight modulator.
 23. A display device according to claim 22, wherein thedisplay polariser is an output polariser arranged on an output side ofthe transmissive spatial light modulator.
 24. A display device accordingto claim 21 or 23, further comprising a reflective polariser arrangedbetween the output polariser and the at least one polar controlretarder, the reflective polariser being a linear polariser arranged topass the same linearly polarised polarisation component as the outputpolariser.
 25. A display device according to any one of claims 21, 23 or24, further comprising: an input polariser arranged on the input side ofthe spatial light modulator, the input polariser being a linearpolariser; a further additional polariser arranged on the input side ofthe input polariser; and at least one further polar control retarderarranged between the output polariser and the further additionalpolariser, the at least one polar control retarder includes a liquidcrystal retarder comprising: a layer of liquid crystal material; and twosurface alignment layers disposed adjacent to the layer of liquidcrystal material and on opposite sides thereof, at least one of thesurface alignment layers being arranged to provide alignment in theadjacent liquid crystal material with an in-plane component that is inthe plane of the layer of liquid crystal material, wherein the angle ofsaid in-plane component of the alignment in the adjacent liquid crystalmaterial changes monotonically along a predetermined axis across atleast part of the display device.